Humanistic Nursing - 8354 Words

HUMANISTIC NURSING THEORY By: MARY JOHN L. RENONG, RN August 10, 2013 Dr. Loretta Zderad Dr. Josephine Paterson I. BIOGRAPHY Josephine Paterson was born on the 1st of September of 1924 in Freeport, New York. Loretta and Josephine spent their early school years during the depression of the 1930s. Josephine G. Paterson was also learning the role of a nurse as well as work responsibilities during this same time period. She had graduated in August of 1945 with a diploma from Lenox Hill School of Nursing in New York. She finished a couple of years earlier than Loretta Zderad and within a year of WW II ending. Nine years later (1954, August) Josephine Paterson graduated†¦show more content†¦Humanistic Nursing Theory is based on the idea that nursing is an inter-subjective transactional relationship between a nurse and a patient who are human beings existing in the world. The conceptual framework of the theory is existentialism and it presents a phenomenological method of inquiry that can be used by nurses to examine and understand their everyday practice. The theory serves as a vehicle to describe the essences of everyday nursing experiences. It is an inductive approach to theory building through exploration and description. Paterson and Zderad (1988) addressed three central questions: What is the meaning of nursing? How do nurses and patients interact? How can nurses develop the knowledge base for the act of nursing? The humanistic-practice nursing theory proposes that the nurse and the patient are significant components in the nurse–patient situation. The act of caring increases the humanness of both. They both approach the situation with experiences that influence the encounter. Nurses therefore, should consider such encounters as existential experiences and should describe them from observing â€Å"the thing itself,† the phenomena of nursing as they occur in the world. They use a phenomenological perspective as the basis for a dialogue about lived experiences to uncover answers to the questions. The sum total of allShow MoreRelatedThe Theory Of Hum anistic Nursing1458 Words   |  6 Pagesand effective nursing practice is a combination of art and science. Both the art and science of nursing are employed when working with a patient on their health goals. The art of healing is the communicative and relationship building skills while the science of nursing is the technical skills related to the field. Throughout nursing history, theories have been developed that attempt to explain the role of the nurse. These theories often try to either explain the science or art of nursing. Some of theseRead MoreMaggi s Transcultural Nursing : A Humanistic And Scientific Area Of Formal Study And Practice792 Words   |  4 Pages2) How did you apply Leininger’s theory to this patient situation? Leininger’s Transcultural Nursing theory is defined as a humanistic and scientific area of formal study and practice in nursing that is focused on the comparative study of cultures (Denisco Barker, 2016). Transcultural nursing goal is to provide culturally specific care that is in agreement with the patient’s cultural values, beliefs, and practicies (Denisco Barker, 2016). I would apply this theory during the time with Mrs. HernandezRead MoreEvidence Based Practice For Palliative Care1157 Words   |  5 Pagespalliative care can be directly related to the hospice care. The 76th World Health Assembly emphasized strengthening of palliative care as a global focus. In their article Phillips, and Agar, (2016) review the five practices of exemplary leadership in nursing. The authors believe that World Health Assembly vision for palliative care can be implemented in real practice if nurses fallow those five practices. Each practice is reviewed and explained in this article. The practices identified as, inspire a sharedRead MoreJean Watsons Theory of Caring Essay709 Words   |  3 PagesDr. Jean Watson’s Theory: The Philosophy and Science of Caring â€Å"Caring is the essence of nursing†~Dr. Jean Watson Major Concepts of Watson’s theory: †¢ Main focus in nursing is on carative factors †¢ For nurses to develop humanistic philosophies and value sytem †¢ The caring stance that nursing has is threatened by the demands of the curative factors ( Sitzman, 2007) --------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------- †¢ PublishedRead MoreCounseling Among All Present : End Of Life Care874 Words   |  4 PagesCare in the ICU At bedside, the Intensive Care Unit (ICU) Nurse is often faced with a lived experience that is multifaceted and challenging, particularly when the patient faces certain death. ICU Nurses must be present and fully participate in humanistic holistic care encompassing the patient and their family. In 2007, the American College of Critical Care Medicine (ACCM) set out to define guidelines for patient and family centered care. Fifty-three recommendations that include a shared decision-makingRead MoreNursing As A Science And Art1439 Words   |  6 PagesQuestions to answer How nursing considered as a science and an art and discuss how the philosophy of nursing is applied to this definition. There is no contention that nursing is considered both as a science and art based on the dispensation of services to the community and patients. As a result of that, the paper seeks to explicitly elaborate the same by giving authentic distinction of why nursing is categorically classified on the two dynamics with a reflection of artistic and scientific intellectualismRead MoreWhat Makes Nursing A Profession?1656 Words   |  7 PagesNursing is a multidisciplinary profession in which caring, holism, endurance, effective patient care and patient safety are simultaneously executed. Nursing is a unique profession whereby personal experience and a personal philosophy contribute to great nursing care. In this paper, I will review my view of nursing and what makes it a unique profession. Nursing as a Profession What makes nursing a profession? Definition. According to the ANA, the requirements for nursing profession are educationRead MoreMy Experience As A Nursing1274 Words   |  6 Pagesgetting as much attention as that of nursing informatics and the technical skills of nursing; and that is the caring aspect of nursing and caring for the patient. When providing care to a patient population, the nursing professional is not just a tool used to get them from one point to another; yet, they are a fundamental aspect for reshaping the ideology of the patient through education, shared positive experiences and true hands on care (Marks, 2013). Nursing education is to be holistic; which isRead MoreJean Watson s Theory Of Caring995 Words   |  4 Pages Watson’s theory is at the center of nursing beliefs as well as important within the concept of patient centered care. This paper will analyze, evaluate the theory, and discuss an application of the theory as it applies to psychiatric nurse practitioners (PMHNP). Analysis of the Theory Jean Watson’s theory of caring stems from various psychologists and pioneering nurses such as Florence Nightingale. Watson has generated a humanistic theory approach to nursing care, which reflects upon the nursesRead MoreHospice Care : An Effective Patient And Individual Preferences At The End Of Life1185 Words   |  5 Pagesfor end of life. To further nursing education in Universities would need to incorporate this into their curriculum. For example, the Institute of Medicine (IOM) reported there is great need for improving the quality and individual preferences at the end of life. They also reported that the possible impact of the report on nursing home clinicians, patients, and families is great. According to Unroe, Ersek, and Cagle (2015), 28% of elder Americans die in nursing homes, as well as nearly 70% of

Paul Cezanne Essay - 791 Words

Paul Cezanne (1839-1906) was a revolutionary painter of the late 19th century. His work could not be contained within one movement of modern art. Cezanne painted during the height of the Impressionists movement, though he did not hit the pinnacle of his career until he became one of the founders of the Post-Impressionist movement. His style of painting has inspired generations of artists to this day. His 1895-1900, Post-Impressionist, still life, Table, Napkin, and Fruit, (Un coin de Table) oil painting comes from his collection of still-lifes. The Barnes Foundation, in Merion, Pennsylvania, houses this remarkable painting. Cezanne encapsulates the simplicity of a bowl of peaches and pears on a table and turns it into a major work of the†¦show more content†¦Cezanne created an asymmetrical balance on the tabletop. That is visually weighted in the right corner of the canvas because of the placement of the fruit within the light bowl. In the background, he added the window f rames creating a counter balance with right angles, insuring equal distribution of visual movement inside the canvas. The fruit in Cezanne’s painting are structured with a degree of both volume and flatness. This distortion of both the objects and the perspective of these objects was his style of reality within the painted image. There is a perfect coherence between the prominence of the empty spaces around the objects, to the items themselves creating both two and three dimensions. Cezanne always had a painterly approach to his works of art. An example of this would be from Table, Napkin, and Fruit. The languid napkin on the tabletop has traditional shading. The tonal gradations of whites with the addition of blue hues pick up and unify the colors in the napkin to those in the background. Specifically on what seems to be a glare in the glass on the window. In the late 1800’s to the early 1900’s, he pushed further in his use of color than ever before. In this specific piece, Cezanne uses the perfect complementary colors of red and green, and blue and orange. He used the vivid hues of the Impressionists with a palette of earthy tones, which were used conventionally by 19th centuryShow MoreRelated Paul Cezanne Essay651 Words   |  3 Pages PAUL CÉZANNE nbsp;nbsp;nbsp;nbsp;nbsp; nbsp;nbsp;nbsp;nbsp;nbsp;Post Impressionism, as the name would suggest, is the art movement that directly followed Impressionism. One artist, who led the Post Impressionism movement, was French artist, Paul Cà ©zanne. Much of his early work was pure Impressionism and, although he was introduced to the style and guided by Camille Pissarro, Cà ©zannes works showed a distinctive uniqueness. Cà ©zanne broke away from Impressionism because of the lack of composition;Read MoreThe Art Of Paul Cezanne1530 Words   |  7 Pagesand Pablo Picasso were both profoundly influenced by the art of Paul Cà ©zanne, somewhat ironically since the latter is reported to have been quite uncertain of his artistic contributions and anxious about his legacies (Merleau-Ponty, 1945). Picasso described Cà ©zanne as â€Å"my one and only master† ; while Matisse noted that â€Å"it is undoubtedly to Cà ©zanne that I owe the most† . The Large Bathers was one of two final paintings produced by Cà ©zanne in 1906, the year of his death. At this stage Matisse had acquiredRead MoreAnalysis Paper : Paul Cezanne2048 Words   |  9 PagesContextual Analysis Paper: Paul Cezanne One of the most influential painters of the twentieth century was Paul Cezanne. He was willing to break the traditionally accepted artistic practices in order to better portray his artistic creativity. Cezanne became part of the movement following the Impressionists called the Post-Impressionism movement. The artists who were the driving forces behind this movement were Gauguin, Van Gogh, Seurat, and Cezanne. These artists were grouped together because theyRead MoreA Comparison Of Paul Cà ©zanne And The Large Bathers1001 Words   |  5 Pagesthat are simultaneously seen as inspired by and breaking free of Paul Cà ©zanne’s, The Large Bathers. Let’s see more in details why it can be. The Large Bathers The Large Bathers is a painting by the French painter Paul Cà ©zanne. It is made in oil on canvas. It measures 210.5 cm tall and 250.8 cm long. It was painted in 1906. It is located at the Museum of Art in Philadelphia, United States. It is the largest fabric ever painted by Cà ©zanne, who worked for seven years at the workshop he had at Lauves, andRead MoreNew Tendencies Emerged : Paul Cezanne Essay2377 Words   |  10 PagesImpressionism appeared with changes in Renoir’s painterly manner, Degas’s interest in three-dimensionality, and Monet’s involvement with the subjectivity of perception. New tendencies emerged: Paul Cezanne (1839-1906) experimented with perspective, color, and visual mass, and Georges Seurat (1859 -1891) and Paul Signac (1863 -1935) worked on color theory in its application to divisionism, leading the course of Neo-Impressionism. These developments in painting were innovative and even revolutionaryRead More Analysis of Still Life With Peppermint Bottle by Paul Cezanne938 Words   |  4 PagesAnalysis of Still Life With Peppermint Bottle by Paul Cezanne Paul Cezanne is considered one of the greatest and most memorable artists of the Post-Impressionist period. His techniques were admired and greatly influential in the development of Cubism and many other modern art movements. He employed several styles in his works, such as his still life productions. In 1894 he produced a brilliant piece of work entitled â€Å"Still Life with a Peppermint Bottle†. Through this work he used elaborateRead More Paul Rand: An Incredibly Influential Designer Essay1720 Words   |  7 Pages Paul Rand is known as one of the most influential and finest American graphic designer of the twentieth century. He is known for his art work predominantly for design, graphic design and typography. Paul Rand was born in August 15, 1914 in Brooklyn, New York with the name Peretz Rosenbaum. Rand was known as â€Å"self- taught designer†, he learned about works of Cassandre and Moholy-Nagy from European magazines. His esteemed contribution to the desig n form is acknowledged by many critics and is amazinglyRead More Biography of Vincent Van Gogh Essay1205 Words   |  5 Pagesaccepted during his time. But, now he is one of the most highly publicized artists of all time. With many of his painting selling for millions and millions of dollars (Rewald 230). Vincent Van Gogh along with Henri de Toulouse-Lautrec, Paul Cezanne, Georges Seurat, and Paul Gauguin are now seen to be the main artists of the post-impressionist period. These painters were also at the beginning of the Modernism movement (Stokstad 1025). Although Van Gogh was only painted for 10 years his genius and styleRead MoreA Brief Note On Impressionism And Post Impressionism958 Words   |  4 Pages2000). Some well known artists from this period were Vincent Van Gogh, George Seurat, and Paul Cezanne. The post-impressionist artists focused on a different style of painting to express their emotions. Instead of just mastering optical impressions they also used symbolism whi le alluding to their deeper theme. â€Å"Symbolic and highly personal meanings were particularly important to Post-Impressionists such as Paul Gauguin and Vincent Van Gogh. Rejecting interest in depicting the observed world, theyRead MorePainting Style And Technique For The Modern World1414 Words   |  6 Pagesthink about Paul Cà ©zanne, we think about a French artist who had incredible painting skills and was an Impressionist painter. Moreover, it is undeniable that his talent was a contribution to the modern world. Cà ©zanne was a great artist, his Post-impressionist artwork is definitely a strong link between late 19th century Cubism and Impressionism. In addition, his artwork is known to have influenced so many artists, such as Matisse, Picasso and so on. Those artists have noted Paul Cà ©zanne as a wonderful

Leadership in Professional Learning Communities †MyAssignmenthelp

Question: Discuss about the Leadership in Professional Learning Communities. Answer: Introduction In the competitive business world, leadership skill is essential for the success of the business. Leadership is defined as the process by which an individual directs to other for performing a specific task. In the business scenario, if an individual wish to progress in the specific field then he may require a certain expertise because it gives an opportunity to become a good leader. Moreover, it facilitates an individual to grow the business ladder (Northouse, 2015). Hence, leadership can be viewed as one of the key resources which enable a person to become a successful manager. It is analyzed that management faces a challenge with respect to making an efficient and effective strategy to attain the organizational goals. In this way, management uses staffing, planning, organizing, controlling and directing process to manage the organizational resources. In opposed to this, leadership is one of the key resources which are used to direct the business function. It means that leadership is associated with the role of managers and experts. But, management and leadership are two distinct roles which creates confusion among many people. It is analyzed that many researchers stated that leadership can be used in both quantitative and qualitative way and also described that leadership concept is more sophisticated and difficult to understand (Getha-Taylor, et. al., 2015). Leadership is defined as a procedure in which individual influences the other person by using their attitude, behavior and thought hence it is effective to attain the organizational goal. Moreover, leadership can build confidence among employees as well as train them to gain their efficiency by creating reliability and friendly environment. It also makes feel safety to their employees regarding their job because it helps to gain their efficiency (Fischer, 2016). Further, the company has informal leaders who have no power, no authority, no title and no right but they can boost their personal power. In the current business scenario, large numbers of companies are agreed that without the leadership, management cannot work effectively. Besides this, without leadership, resources cannot be organized appropriately and organization may move too slowly. As a result, it will lose the business. It can be evaluated that leader is one who is reliable, self-possession, and meet the promises by emphasizing on critical work. Moreover, the different individual has different belief and hence they provide a resolution to specific issues in a distinct manner. Hence, a most appropriate decision needs to be chosen while conflict arises (Naile, and Selesho, 2014). Leadership is a practice to lead another individual to do appropriate things. Hence, selection of a better leader is a challenging task for an organization. In addition, it can be evaluated that organization can gain their reputation and profitability by motivating the workforce and having the right team. In this way, great leadership qua lities are required to encourage the team. Some researchers stated that leadership is exercised as personality perspectives like traits and behavior while some author stated that leadership is used as information processing perspectives (Grossman, and Valiga, 2016).Hence, this essay presents the critical analyses on whether leaders are born or made. Whether leaders are born or made In the current business world, there are large numbers of self-made leaders who develop the business. It is a debatable matter whether leaders are born or made through their experiences. Porter et al. (2016) focuses on the trait theory and explained that traits are distinct personal characteristics of a leader like honesty, appearance, self-confidence. It depicts that trait theory is mainly focusing on leaders are born. But, it is difficult to analyze that whether leaders are born or made. In this way, there is a requirement to assess a leader who is not born, cannot be a leader. Van Wart (2014)exemplified that emotional intelligence has five aspects such as self-regulation, self-awareness, social skills, empathy, and motivation that can be learned by an individual to become a good leader. But, this concept is identical to the trait theory. Further, a large number of people argue that the traits are significant for developing and deploying the peoples skills. Along with this, Day et al. (2014) argued that leadership is born when emphasizes in some personal characters like players and artists. But, they have also felt that leadership is really not born. There are different examples can be seen which illustrates that leaders are born like Tiger Woods- Golf Champion was born with some skills of sports. However, his father worked tough from his childhood to make him a Golf champion. Another example can be taken of Mozart- Musician who was born with the talent of music. But, his father wanted to make him as a musician from his early ages hence he was trained to him for using the instrument. Along with this, Hendry ford is an automobile leader. However, his parents were poor but they came to America with the hope of initiate for their lives. When he was a child then he spent his most of time with his mother. He is inward demonstrating and quite. When he was young then his mother passed away. He was acting as a low-level mechanist in different areas without having inadequate money. He did not have sufficient resources like pedigree, a birthright that could make him a born leader. After that, he became the greatest leader in the corporate world. These all examples prove that their natural qualities and talent improved by making hard work from many years (Benson, et. al., 2014). It can be also stated that these all leaders have enhanced their influencing ability. Leadership is used a procedure in which an individual persuade a set of the individual to attain their companys goal. Thornton and Cherrington (2014) revealed that leadership is a process which demonstrates that it is not characteristics and traits of leadership, however, some traits are distinguished between followers and leaders. Moreover, it also defines that leadership cannot be a linear function however it could be entailed as a communication program. Hence, it can be stated that leadership exists in everyone. Petriglieri and Petriglieri (2015) stated that an effective business needs appropriate leaders because the manager cannot run the organization due to having incapability to lead position in the market. Hence, it can be opined that managers should be real leaders to attain the leading position in the marketplace. When someone wants to become a good leader then he can be an effective leader by enhancing leadership qualities like concepts, values, and goals. Johnston and Marshall (2016) evaluated that a leader should keep concentration on extending the business growth in long-term. Leaders also encourage the followers to overcome whatever challenges come in the way. Hence, the leader should lead others and create co-operation with them to attain the organizational goals. At the same time, leaders should focus on making friends to others rather than making enemies. Since, the friendly strategy will be an effective asset to attain the business objectives and get growth. For becoming a successful leader, the organization needs to increase training session to obtain the growth. The leader can build favorable thinking by attending an effective training program. Hence, it can be stated that abilities and traits of a person are not enough to be a good leader. Pendleton and Furnham (2016) suggest that traits approach plays an imperative role in leadership. It stated that a specific individual may have inborn characteristics which will aid them t o be good leaders. The trait leadership demonstrates that an individual who has unique, inborn, and aptitude can be good leaders. There are different traits is identified as fluency, intelligence, and height. In contrast to this, process concept recommended that leadership is a communication amid followers and leaders which is available for everyone. It also opined that leaders should focus on their followers as well as followers should consider leaders who are closely related to make interaction with each other to keep association. Redmond and Dolan (2016) exhibited that Douglas Mc Gregor theory of leadership is based on two aspects such as theory X and theory Y. Theory X is considered when employees are shy, and they have need to scrutinize, control and lead by leaders. In opposed to this, theory Y defines that some people take accountabilities and manage to themselves to attain the organizational goals. As per the theory Y, the workforce can be easily encouraged. However, Fesler (2016) have built the managerial grid in which he recommends the two aspects of leadership behavior like production and concern for people. In this way, production aspects define the task-oriented behavior like clear roles, determining output and scheduling work. Further, concern for people focuses on building trust, friendship, and responsive environment. But, this approach is more emphasizes on people hence it helps to encourage the workforce to attain a predetermined set of strategies, vision, and targets of a corporation. Hence, it can be stated that leadership is accessible for each individual. Taylor and Ladkin (2014) argued that leaders focus on the purpose, vision, and structure and core value to interpret them to make a significant business decision. Hence, it is required that all level of the workforce should be self-motivated to attain the organizational targets. There are different theories such as Mc Gregors theory and vrooms expectancy theory of motivation which evaluates that followers are able to attain the organizational goals by influencing with leaders. In this way, expectancy theory suggests that different person perceives different circumstance. Therefore, needs of motivation are required for an organization to understand the situation and perception of people. In such case, it can provide the training to develop the learning skills as it would be beneficial to become an efficient and effective leader. Moreover, leaders should have some characteristics and qualities to encourage workforce and team in an organization. Hence, a good leader is a significant resource to lead workforce and team in a corporation. It can be evaluated that leadership is a significant asset for a firm because a great leader provides different opportunities to obtain business growth and success. In this way, it can delegate, encourage, evaluate and resolve the conflicts of employees within an organization (Wren, 2013). Coaley (2014) suggested that leadership can be created and enhanced by training and mentoring. Hence, effective training can be used to improve the leader for self-motivation. In this way, the leader can motivate the team within an organization. Each person has their own field of skill and leaning for achievement. These features and things lead the individual to be a good leader. It can be stated that each person can be a good leader by using their own skills and talent. For example, it can be evaluated that an extroverted person who has grown up throughout his entire life can be a good leader. He can be passionate about to lead the others. Being an extroverted individual, he cannot take a step back as he always has a strong passion and wishes to lead to his followers voluntarily. From this example, it can be stated that leaders are not born; they are made as they had a need to use proper training for utilizing their skills. Hence, it is analyzed that people have skills from their born but they need proper training and mentoring to utilize these skills (Selladurai, 2014). These leaders can lead to other people in a subject that he has good knowledge in order to provide benefits to a large number of the individual. Along with this, intelligence is a prime factor that is essential to becoming a great leader. Avolio et al. (2009) revealed that a human mind is like a blank sheet of paper when he born. In the development phase, human mind develops due to their education and knowledge as it creates intelligence. However, it takes a long time in which an individual cope with the different struggle to become a good leader. It is also stated that intelligence individual can overcome the challenge and keep themselves as a good leader. Although, intelligence is not inherited characteristics yet this can improve by the development procedure. As per the view of Selladurai (2014), the intelligence is an important resource which contributed to getting achievements, and also develops skills in an individual with the help of mentors, teachers, and coaches. It also stated that intelligent people tend to be a leader from their childhood as they have more capabilities as compared to other people. Moreover, the se nse of humor is also charismatic to become a good leader. For example, Prime Minister Tony Abbott has become making a leader in Australia by his intelligence. Therefore, it can be stated that clever individuals can hold the position of a leader. According to Coaley (2014), behavioral approach emphasizes on the behavior of a leader and the way by which they will work through and with another people to attain the organizational goals. This approach stated that leadership is existed for each individual and can be educated as behavior. It also focuses on what leaders act and feels about the perceived structure of leadership behavior. It is also known as leadership styles that are a significant feature of developing effective leadership. Fesler (2016) evaluated that three kinds of leadership style are used by leaders that created by their behavior such as laissez-faire, democratic, and autocratic. Behavioral approach is mainly focused on two broader aspects named employees oriented behavior which aimed to meet the emotional and social requirement of employees and another one is job oriented behavior which aimed to accomplish the task by the employees. Along with this, the Blake and mountain model of leadership also relies on an approach that all leaders have two different independent issues like employees and tasks. Therefore, it suggested that a leader should use more specific behavior as it will improve the leadership effectiveness. It is found that positive reward behavior can provide the high satisfaction to subordinates and can also improve their performance. Conclusion From the above interpretation, it can be concluded that leaders can be made which shows that it is accessible for all people and can be learned as a behavior. Further, it can be evaluated that leaders are not born, however, all individual born with unique strengths and it enables to become a successful leader. Moreover, leadership is a skill that an effective leader needs to adopt and can be enhanced with practices. A person can gain their skills to improve the leadership qualities. In certain circumstances, the company may have leaders but not addressed their expectation. In such scenario, they can make an effective leader by providing them an appropriate training and appraisal of performance. It proves that leaders are not born because an individual born with some personal characteristics and qualities but it gains their skills through their experience. It can be determined that when the accountability is delegated to a person then it can provide the opportunity to obtain a wider proficiency and being trained by an individual to direct them. Therefore, leaders can be encouraged and act on their own talent and understanding to expand the business. References Avolio, B. J., Walumbwa, F. O., and Weber, T. J. (2009) Leadership: Current theories, research, and future directions,Annual review of psychology,60, pp. 421-449. Benson, R., Fearon, C., McLaughlin, H., and Garratt, S. (2014) Investigating trait emotional intelligence among school leaders: demonstrating a useful self-assessment approach, School Leadership and Management,34(2), pp. 201-222. Coaley, K. (2014)An introduction to psychological assessment and psychometrics. USA: Sage. Day, D. V., Fleenor, J. W., Atwater, L. E., Sturm, R. E., and McKee, R. A. (2014) Advances in leader and leadership development: A review of 25years of research and theory,The Leadership Quarterly,25(1), pp. 63-82. Day, D. V., Fleenor, J. W., Atwater, L. E., Sturm, R. E., and McKee, R. A. (2014) Advances in leader and leadership development: A review of 25years of research and theory,The Leadership Quarterly,25(1), pp. 63-82. Fesler, J. W. (2016) Leadership and Its Context.Administrative Leadership in the Public Sector,20(2), P. 9. Fischer, S. A. (2016) Transformational leadership in nursing: a concept analysis,Journal of advanced nursing,72(11), pp. 2644-2653. Getha-Taylor, H., Fowles, J., Silvia, C., and Merritt, C. C. (2015) Considering the effects of time on leadership development: A local government training evaluation,Public Personnel Management,44(3), pp. 295-316. Grossman, S., and Valiga, T. M. (2016)The new leadership challenge: Creating the future of nursing. USA: FA Davis. Johnston, M. W., and Marshall, G. W. (2016)Salesforce management: Leadership, innovation, technology. UK: Routledge. Naile, I., and Selesho, J. M. (2014) The role of leadership in employee motivation, Mediterranean Journal of Social Sciences,5(3), p. 175. Northouse, P. G. (2015)Leadership: Theory and practice. USA: Sage Publications. Pendleton, D., and Furnham, A. F. (2016)Leadership: All You Need To Know 2nd Edition. Berlin: Springer. Petriglieri, G., and Petriglieri, J. L. (2015) Can business schools humanize leadership?.Academy of Management Learning and Education,14(4), pp. 625-647. Porter, W. W., Graham, C. R., Bodily, R. G., and Sandberg, D. S. (2016) A qualitative analysis of institutional drivers and barriers to blended learning adoption in higher education,The Internet and Higher Education,28, pp. 17-27. Redmond, S., and Dolan, P. (2016) Towards a conceptual model of youth leadership development,Child and Family Social Work,21(3), pp. 261-271. Selladurai, R. (2014)Servant Leadership: Research and Practice: Research and Practice. UK: IGI Global. Taylor, S. S., and Ladkin, D. (2014) Leading as craft-work: The role of studio practices in developing artful leaders,Scandinavian Journal of Management,30(1), pp. 95-103. Thornton, K., and Cherrington, S. (2014) Leadership in professional learning communities, Australasian Journal of Early Childhood,39(3), P. 94. Van Wart, M. (2014)Dynamics of leadership in public service: Theory and practice. UK: Routledge. Wren, J. T. (2013)The leader's companion: Insights on leadership through the ages. USA: Simon and Schuster.

Jane Eyre and Victorian Women Essay Example

Jane Eyre and Victorian Women Paper Whilst the Victorian era saw Britain becoming the epitome of power and wealth, the status of women was a perfect example of the discrepancy between this and the appalling social conditions. Women were expected to remain pure and clean, and were expected to be treated as if they were holy yet had limited rights which meant that they could not vote, hold a job that wasnt teaching or own property. It was also believed that women should not be educated to the levels that men were. The German philosopher Arthur Schopenhauer said Women exist in the main solely for the propagation of the species. These somewhat misogynistic words perhaps highlight the opinions that were held about women during the Victorian period. However, despite the barriers put up for women, the number of female writers increased greatly. The catch was that in order to be taken seriously, they had to write under male aliases. This includes Charlotte Bronte , who wrote Jane Eyre as Currer Bell and Mary Ann Evans who wrote Middlemarch as George Eliot two of the novels that we will be talking about. Jane Eyre Jane feels exiled and ostracized at the beginning of the novel, and the cruel treatment she receives from her Aunt Reed and her cousins only increases her feeling of alienation. Charlotte Bronte may have created the character of Jane Eyre as a means of coming to terms with elements of her own life. Jane voices the Bronte s opinions on religion, social class, and gender that were seen as radical in the Victorian era. Jane Eyre could be seen as an earlier example of a feminist- similar to the Suffragists that came to prominence later on in the Victorian era since they held similar ideologies. Helen Burn serves as a foil to Jane- much like Isabella Linton did to Catherine. She is often self-negating despite her intellectual maturity Unlike Jane she believes that the best way to tackle the injustice of society, as seen by the treatment of the girls at Lowood, is by having faith in Gods judgement. She believes that God will be the ones to punish the evil. Somewhat representative of the religious morality that still remained in the rural areas, unlike the cities of the Victorian era where debauchery was rampant. We will write a custom essay sample on Jane Eyre and Victorian Women specifically for you for only $16.38 $13.9/page Order now We will write a custom essay sample on Jane Eyre and Victorian Women specifically for you FOR ONLY $16.38 $13.9/page Hire Writer We will write a custom essay sample on Jane Eyre and Victorian Women specifically for you FOR ONLY $16.38 $13.9/page Hire Writer Jane is different to her in the sense that she doesnt hold such blind faith- she wants to find happiness and love in this world, though she does count on the support of God. Conclusion One can see that in Victorian literature there were perhaps two distinct types of women portrayed. There were the conventional characters such as Helen Burns and Isabella Linton who represented the archetypal Victorian woman to some extent. The conventional characters often displayed qualities such as refinement and a desire to obtain a high social status. Other conventional characters represented women lower down the social hierarchy and tended to be blindly religious and believe in purity and chastity. These characters tended to act as foils, however, to the unconventional figures of focus such as Jane Eyre or Catherine Earnshaw. These characters were often rebellious and made it their aim to break down the barriers that blocked the development of women as independent members of society. These characters were defiant in their aims- be it love, the resolving of injustices or simply the desire to be free from the prison that was Victorian society.