Media Coverage of US-Pakistan Relations | Literature Review

Media Coverage of US-Pakistan Relations Literature ReviewCHAPTER 2LITERATURE REVIEWThe literature review is the soak off for any research. A literature review can be called as a logical search and investigation of published data regarding whatsoever specific pick out area. It is prepared bestowing to the research butt, thesis, the issue and problems that a researcher wishes to deal with and try to resolve it.Literature review contributes the knowledge in the contrastive area of concent dimensionn and diminishes the chances of the replication of ideas. Most importantly, it helps the direction of research scope to display to maximize the rewarfared in research. Literature Review is a straightforward step in any research procedure and has an extended list of benefits that often approven by the research scientists around the world.Wimmer and Dominick (1994) say Its non only al d give(p)s to learn from (and eventually add to) previous research but also saves time, effort and mon ey. (p.24)The US makes their policy according to their interest and close sexual intercourse with the countries. US Inclusion always depends on the Feelings of the US. The favor and disfavor depends on the US Interest. According to the research and analyse on the policies of US the conclusion Dr. Syed Abdul Syed Abdul got US media newsworthiness framing of other countrys image depends upon the degree of US interest in that country as well as the US foreign policy.Media representation of the host country is usually the dominant political theory of foreign countries, Yu and Riffe (1988) reflects that Reporting was often motivated by ideology than newsworthy. The ideology of a society, Shoemaker and Reese (1991 p.186) serves as the binding force of a tool. red-hots is basically built for people in a given society. The world of reality is antithetic from the media, then social reality. Shoemaker and Reese (1991), the news created a social product but a reflection of an objective r eality, (p.186), respectively. Ramaprasad and Majid (1995) as the product of socially constructed, news is affected by a number of factors that claim, that is, these factors are a particular society.Several studies see been conducted by a number of researchers and scholars on the Pak-India dealings. Hull (1989) advocates the ideology of media influences, political, economic, and ideological and cognitive simplification is a fascinating process (p.1) describes the state they are open the symbolic impact of ideology, the media audience, the media, our definition focuses attention on the settle and the symbolic power legitimation and exercise (p. 309)According to the research of critical analysis, international news, the U.S. media, largely found on foreign policy. (Merrill 1995 Lent, 1977), and a large media disdain and international similes of the government, is supposed to be a tool to support the national point of view. Chang, 1988, 1989 Dorogi, 2001, Yu and Riffe, 1988 by al l U.S. mainstream media reportage of international news sustain that the U.S. governments foreign policy has been unfailing. Likewise, the news gathering resources is often international reporting restrictions, Z. Peng (2004) rely on government sources for the media drive. Americans view of the outside world is often based on the mainstream media Similar Chang (1988) claim. In this regard, Merrill, (1995), the positive and negative images in the media world, inspiring the minds of people arguing. Similarly, Perlmutter (1998). The perception of the American people scattered in other part of the world can be easily established by the American news media.Makreeta lahtithe (2002) conducted a research on Policies of the fall in States towards the Indian and the Pakistani thermonuclear Weapons Programs. The aim of this believe was to explore the policies of the US towards the nuclear weapons programs of Pakistan and India. Researcher consider the nuclear programs of two India and Pa kistan as well as US policies towards both of them because the twain nuclear programs urinate been dependent on each other and can best be understood in connection to each other. Researcher diligent the content analysis as he used books, articles, and statements near geopolitical and Realist theories, US non-proliferation policies, and the South Asian nuclear weapons programs. The researcher found that the US policies could only have been successful had they addressed the reasons lavatory the Indian and the Pakistan nuclear weapons. The US view on the reasons for Indian and Pakistani nuclear weapons has also border the US sides and policy choices in that that certain reasons to acquire nuclear weapons can seem to the US more justified than others. The acquisition of nuclear weapons as an get down to improve the otherwise unsatisfactory national security can seem to be a more acceptable reason than for example the hope to start out a great power.Zahid Yousaf (2013) conducte d a research on the coverage of the Pak-India relations in the national press of Pakistan the main objective of this knowledge was to investigate the coverage of the relations betwixt Pakistan and India in the national press of Pakistan for this study four newspapers two English (Daily quantify and The Nation) and two Urdu (Daily Jang and Nawa i Waqt) are selected to analyze the relations between the two countries. Researcher used the agenda setting theory in this study and the media agenda is tried to conclude. The content method is used to study the contents of the editorials of the selected newspapers from June 2013 to August 2013. The study demonstrate that Pakistani media has covered all the issues keeping the Indian response in front regarding the selected issues. On the basis of the findings of the study we can analyze that Pakistani media has shown maturity while addressing the issues and also showed patriotism while covering the Pak-India relations. The study was a summi ng up of the role of the newspapers regarding Pak-India relations. Newspapers do not seem to have performed their expected role in reflecting the two countries, strategies and operations. The English newspapers have been blamed for giving less than the Urdu newspapers coverage to the main issues between the two countries.According to the newspapers the major reason behind the tense relations between Pakistan and India is the Kashmir dispute, the Kashmir issue has given birth to many other issues like water, cross-border insurgency and the incidents of terrorism. The newspapers have also failed to give the negative coverage the championship, sports, and showbiz. It seems to strange that on the one side Indian forces are massacring or better to say committing genocide in Kashmir and Indian secret agencies are always busy for working out bomb blasts in Pakistan and on the other side Pakistan is strengthening its relations with India regarding Showbiz, trade and sports the press should also give a considerable coverage to the maltreatment of the Indian Muslim by the Indian Government. The press can play a vital role to inspire the spirit of Jahad among the Pakistanis as there is no other way to get Kashmir independence.Umbreen Jav fear Qamar Fatima conducted a research on the US immaterial Policy Parameters towards Pakistan and India (2001-2008).The objective of this study was to illustrate the parameters of us policy towards Pakistan and India .The US foreign policy has passed through many phases, as such from one of murder requisitioning to that of active involvement in world affairs both militarily and non-militarily. The two key South Asian States i.e. Pakistan and India despite being situated center(prenominal) across the sphere from America have had the crucial consequences of these changes. During the Cold War, US in acquirement of its containment policy of Soviet Union supported Pakistan to fight fabianism and it required close collaboration with Ind ia to gain access to its large market for American goods and investment potential. But the impressive changes came in the get up of momentous events of September 11, 2001 which brought both the countries on the top of American foreign policy agenda.According to the researchers view point both India and Pakistan equally attracted attention, because the both important South Asian states promised to help America in the Global War on Terrorism. The Bush teams policies towards Pakistan were shaped by the look at to fighting terrorism through whatever means necessary while the policies towards India continued on the basis to shape an anticipated natural alliance between worlds two largest democracies.Researcher describe that the US identified a new global enemy, terrorists and their networks, and pitched a War against all those that dismay world peace. Bush Jr sustained the same policy parameters with minor changes during both the term of office.Manzoor, U. (2002). Was conducted a resea rch on the Editorial Coverage of Pakistan stand during Pak-India war tension (2001-2002) in percolate and Nawa i Waqt .The chiefly aim of the study was to investigate the Pakistans stand against India in the crucial war situations are in favor or not. Researcher used the content analysis the qualitative and quantitative method to explore the conflict between both countries.According to the researcher press of Pakistan is too much concerned with the global issues mainly Urdu press that is more concerned than the English press. He added contends that Pakistani press is fully open even to criticize the government but patriotism is also there in the Pakistani press. In the study it was resolute to find out the attitude of the Pakistani press towards the governments stance that whether it has favored the government in conflict situation with India or not favored. And also the trade relation between both the countries is also concerned.Murad Ali (2009) conducted a study on US Foreign Ai d to Pakistan and Democracy. This study examined the United States (US) bilateral aid flows to Pakistan from 1947 to 2006 to jog the extent to which the assistance has been linked with the strengthening of democracy in Pakistan vis--vis US perceived geo-strategic and security interests. Comparing the allocation of US economic and military aid to democratic and dictatorial regimes in Pakistan (in terms of total, average annual, and per capita per year), the researcher found that US aid shows a consistent pattern of high flows for military dictatorships and low or negligible flows for democratic governments, indicating that US aid has not been used to promote democracy in Pakistan in fact, it has undermined it. The research explored that the US has maintained unassailable cooperative relationships with military dictators to use Pakistan to pursue its own political, security and geo-strategic goals. Researcher concluded that the US has hardly shown any concern for democracy in Pakist an where its own geo-strategic goals have been at stake. This analysis reinforces the view that every time the US has required Pakistans support to achieve its own geo-political goals, it has shown no hesitation in embracing military dictators.Shabir G, Hussain T, Iqbal YW (2014) conducted a research on the Portrayal of Pakistan in the New York Times and the capital of the United States Post A Study of Editorials during 2008 to 2010. the main objective of the study to investigate the slant of coverage about Pakistan. Gathered data shows that the portrayal of Pakistan during Feb 2008 to Jan 2010 in The New York Times and The Washington Post remained positive which proved that the American media support the American government foreign policies. Researcher uses the quantitative and qualitative method to dig out the results. The Findings of the research shows that the New York Times and The Washington Post newspapers published 89 editorials comprised on 767 paragraphs about Pakistan in planned era of research. The Washington Post published 54 (60.67%) editorials comprised on 449 paragraphs while The New York Times published 35 (39.33%) editorials comprised on 318 paragraphs which shows that The Washington post give more editorial coverage to Pakistan than The New York Times. The data shows that The Washington post published 25 (28.08%) loving editorials comprised on 174 paragraphs, 22 (24.27%) unfavorable editorials comprised on 157 paragraphs and 7 (7.87%) neutral editorials comprised on 118 paragraphs while The New York Times published 12 (13.49%) favorable editorials comprised on 98 paragraphs, 10 (11.24%) unfavorable editorials comprised on 93 paragraphs and 13 (14.60%) neutral editorials comprised on 127 paragraphs. The overall editorial coverage of The Washington post about Pakistan during planned period of research remained positive while in New York Times it remained neutral. Both newspapers published 41.57% positive, 35.91% negative and 22.47% neutral ed itorials. So these results shows that the overall ratio of coverage about Pakistan remained positive and it disproved the hypothesis. The overall ratio of unfavorable coverage about Pakistan would be greater than the favorable coverage in The New York Times and The Washington Post. The findings of the research support media conformity theory as American media follows the American government foreign policies and portrayed positive frame of Pakistan.Muhammad Sikandar Sultan(2013) Conducted a study on the Portrayal of Pak-US Relations in elite press of Pakistan and United States during Raja Pervaiz Ashraf Regime (June 2012-December 2012)the main focus of the study was relations between Pakistan and United States of America in the government of Pakistans Prime Minister Raja Pervaiz Ashraf who took charge as Prime Minister in June 2012. In this study the content analysis of the two newspapers is made where the editorials of elite press i.e. Daily Dawn from Pakistan and Washington Post f rom United States was analyzed by the researcher. In this study researcher used the framing theory in the theoretical framework. There are total 82 editorials regarding Pak-US relations that were analyzed, 29 editorials of Washington Post whereas 53 editorials of Daily Dawn. The study explore that the newspapers of both the countries has mostly highlighted the ungratified behavior towards the issues and criticized the foreign policy of their particular countries.Zahid Yousaf, Ehtisham Ali (2012) Coverage of Pak-Us Relations in Elite advocate of Pakistan and Us during the Democratic Government of Pakistan Peoples Party March 2008 To February 2012 (Media Foreign Policy Perspective). The main objective of the Study to investigate the foreign policies of Pakistan and the United States of America in the editorials of American press during the peoples partys government came into the power after the 2008s general elections.In this utilisation researcher select mainly two English newspa pers, one elite newspaper from United States and one from Pakistan, New York Times from US and The Daily Dawn from Pakistan from March 2008 to February 2012.The main focus of the study to find out the relationship between Pakistan and US during the democratic government in Pakistan. The main perseverance behind this study is to reveal the involvement of the foreign policy creating by the governments of the states under study and the role played by the mass media at present.Researcher construct theoretical framework for the study in hand discusses to the Agenda Setting Theory as the study is focused to determine the Media Agenda of the press of selected countries and to regulate the disparate incidents relating to the present study. In this study researcher considered the contents of the editorials of the selected newspapers related to Pak-US relations. The findings of this study accomplish that the Pakistani media in general and the US media in specific have not followed the view p oints of the particular governments regarding the foreign policy of the particular countries.

Key Areas Of The Marketing Environment Marketing Essay

Key Areas Of The Marketing Environment Marketing EssayThis assignment emphasizes on relationship tone-beginning to explain the thought of marting. With regard to do, the design of merchandising takes into consideration manufacturers inspection and repair organizations as well as service operations. Traditionally selling was considered as a function which includes expertise preparation and implementation of selling mix. However, when it comes to services, this function of merchandise is not taken into consideration. Marketing with regard to service is more than rough relationships, like those involving one-on-one transactions or whose background is narrowed, for example, marketing of breakfast cereal or soap. Other kind of relationships whose scope is unspecificr consist of monumental social interaction which atomic number 18 on-going as well as long lasting, for example, service offered by hospitality industry or financial providers. Next, this assignment investigates the term relationship strategy and its constitution. A detailed comparison about marketing and organizational behavior, concerning functions of businesses as well as academic regulations, drawn from the relationship approach ar argued in this assignment. Lastly, the assignment emphasizes on the importance of service culture and internal marketing in this challenging global market to twin the marketing aspect and organizational behavioral needs of any business.1.2 snap the relationship between businesses vision, heraldic bearing and marketing strategyFor any organization, guardianship statement is the just about authorized statement which directs the business to achieve its goal and streng soed its name in the market. Mainly, this statement includes three most important aspects, namely, vision, mission and hollow appreciates. Vision is a wider thought of what the social club wants to accomplish in future. heraldic bearing is primary(prenominal)ly concerned which what steps the beau monde is going to undertake to accomplish the come down vision and core value involves the behavior of the company and its member complete-to-end the course of goal accomplishment. All these three aspects are essential to direct the business through the path of success accomplishment.After the company has created the mission statement, it is then important for it to set the goals, verifi equal to(p)s and strategic or action architectural invention/s. Goals usually involves targets which the company needs to complete in order to accomplish the vision. Objectives are smarting (specific, measurable, achievable, realistic and time-framed) statements to accomplish companys goals. Strategic or action plans are the detailed executiveplans which illustrate the ways in which goal and objective can be accomplished.1.3 Evaluate the slits and techniques purchasable for analysing key areas of the marketing environs and manipulation them in realistic business situations To analyze the key areas of marketing environment, the businesses are now show on strategic philanthropy concept. This concept helps to develop and evaluate the marketing issues, illustrates the concentrate on of the stakeholders, and examines the aspects that need to be considered while executing the business plan. Today companies are realizing the advantages of strategic philanthropy concept not only for the employees and the investors but also for the community as whole. Currently, the companies are also formalizing and combining philanthropic decisions with other strategic decisions related to the performance of the company. 21st century companies are more emphasizing on management of social marketing issues for the interest of essential stakeholders.1.4 see the factors influencing consumer extract and behaviourIn the current globalised market, thither is an accelerating need for ethical selects as proved by most researches. However, not much has been printed about the deci sions made by the ethical consumers and the squeeze of their decision making on marketing. Due to limited proven research work about ethical consumer woof, this assignment allow for set off the outcomes of national survey conducted on large scale in UK on ethical consumers. Equation sampleing and reliability analysis methods were use to study this most important and ignored area and also to investigate the essential factors influencing ethical consumer choice and their interconnectivity. Two sets of data was used to create decision making model and its cross validity was examined. This innovative model of ethical consumer choice and decision making showed remarkable improvement on consumers acquire choice. Study results of this researched proved that the buying intentions of the consumers were highly twined. The assignment, however, further discusses implications of these results on marketing practitioners.1.5 Assess the role of market research in business decision-makingMark et research results frequently produce disconfirming reactions to discontinuous sassy increases (innovative products) that later become profitable for the innovating company. Famous examples such(prenominal)(prenominal) as the fax machine, the VCR and James Dysons bagels vacuum cleaner are lots cited to support this view. Despite this, companies continue to seek the views of consumers on their newly product ideas. The debate about the use of market research in the development of new products is long-standing and controversial. This paper reviews the literature in this area and examines the extent to which market research is justified and whether companies should sometimes ignore their customers. The paper offers a abstract framework that may help companies to decide when market research findings may be helpful and when they may hinder the development of discontinuous new products.Amplification of assessment criteria1.1 Examine the main contexts of marketing1.1.1 Assess crit ically the role of marketing in business, e.g. the impact of marketing on societyIn todays time, marketing researchers and professionals are exceedingly interested in the value generated by marketing. Even though there is large number of research work on marketing, it is still un decipherable how the market value is interrelated with the interest of the marketing generators. Researchers further plan to examine how customer value and customer satisfaction are interconnected. This will help to fall the uncertainty created around both the concepts. Both customer value and customer satisfaction are two polar concepts in terms of theory and pragmatic aspects. This assignment examines this along with highlighting whether customer value helps to predict the behavioral results in better way with compare to customer satisfaction, when it comes to business marketing. To address this issue, there are two different models generated and examined in a cross sectional survey with the purchasin g management of a company. A direct influence of value on intention of purchasing manager is suggested by first model whereas the second model arbitrates the value with customer satisfaction. This research study proves that both customer value and customer satisfaction are two different concepts measured and conceptualized in different way, still are harmonizing with each other.1.1.2 establish the contribution of marketing to business strategy, e.g. major contexts of marketing applications (consumer goods business to business services marketing)There can be no more important aspect of constructing an effective marketing strategy than fellow feeling antagonists and your own organizations competitory position. The techniques such as ushers Five Forces Model and a SWOT analysis have already been identified as ways in which an organization can assess aspects.1.2 take a cave in the relationship between businesses vision, mission and marketing strategy1.2.1 Explain the relationship between businesses vision, mission and marketing strategy, e.g. developing a marketing strategy which supports the businesses corporate strategyA management team needs information about external environments to stir sound strategic decisions. Environmental scanning is the process of gathering information about those external environments to inform decision-making. That information may come from a wide variety of sources. It is important to ensure that data gathering, interpretation/analysis and strategy formulation are seen as three separate stages of environmental scanning. Some organizations use the information they collect to construct different scenarios, which also contribute to their planning and prepare them for a flexible response.1.2.2 Identify the key influences on shaping marketing strategy, e.g. competitor capability and resources target customers external environment.A great deal of attention has been devoted to the concept of market orientation in marketing academe a nd practice. Numerous perspectives have been proposed as researchers endeavor to conceptualize the market orientation construct and implement it in practice.1.3 Evaluate the tools and techniques uncommitted for analysing key areas of the marketing environment and use them in realistic business situation.1.3.1 Identify the main tools and techniques accessible for analysing key areas of the marketing environment, e.g. environmental scanningThis article focuses on defining and discussing the concept of critical success factors as input into the analysis, resource analysis, and strategy evaluation steps in the strategic planning/strategy development process. The reader is provided with eighter possible sources of critical success factors including analysis, analysis of industry structure, industry/business experts, analysis of competition, and analysis of dominant firm in the industry, company assessment, temporal/ transcendental factors and PIMS results. Examples of CSFs from variou s sources are provided and a scheme by which the reader can assess the relative importance of identified CSFs is presented.1.3.2 Demonstrate the use of the main tools and techniques available for analysing key areas of the marketing environment, e.g. scenario planningThe methodological tools and techniques that analysts use to assess the evolving Innovation, Science and Technology-related (IST) factors impacting their enterprises emulousness and strategic environment. Studies generally show that a limited set of conceptual tools are regularly utilized by analysts in some enterprises nevertheless, they are perceived only to demonstrate mixed success levels in meeting planning or decision-oriented needs. A performance gap exists between organizational needs to proactively address IST factors impacting their organizations competitiveness and the insights actually delivered to decision- comers by existing methods and the analysts who employ them. In this paper, the rootage defines the scope of IST analytical applications, identifies the conceptual tools and techniques used, applies a model for assessing the utility of the tools, describes the reasons why the tools do not deliver what is compulsory, and makes recommendations for improving the use of IST-focused analysis tools.1.4 Examine the factors influencing consumer choice and behaviour1.4.1 Analyze the process of consumer product acquisition and consumer choice, e.g. models of consumer buying behaviour impact of memory, perception and l hiting on consumer choiceThe ways in which consumers make choices are clearly of interest to those elusive in marketing. Consumer behaviour includes elements which are rational and elements which are emotional. However, the process involved in making a choice and buying decision can be analyzed and represented in a step-by-step framework. This section examines that process and the underlying factors which determine consumer behaviour.1.4.2 Analyze the factors which influenc e consumer behaviour, e.g. impact of personality, motivation, opinions, attitudes and values on consumer behaviour role of reference groups on consumption behaviourIn the field tourism progress and planning, the decision making process is highly multifaceted because companies and communities have to combat with economic, social and environmental aspects of greater development. Geographic Information Systems (GIS) can be considered as an essential tool of methods and technologies of high applicability to provide for the attainment of greater tourism development. To investigate conflict, Spatial (environmental) data can be utilized which examines competition, explores influence on and helps in making decision. The impact assessment and simulation is highly significant for the development of tourism, and GIS can a role in terms of the environmental audit, exploring the suitability of sites for the plan developments1.5 Assess the role of market research in business decision-making1.5.1 Differentiate between market research and marketing research, e.g. their roles in determining structural characteristics and understanding marketing strategy decisionsEven when there is increase talks on international standardization versus customization, to empirical intuitions existing fragmented light to deliver. On the solid ground of an integrated analysis of 36 studies revolving around outcomes of standardization / adaptation, his past, and performance, this flow has been found to be characterized by non-significant, contradictory, and to a certain level, the results disconcerting related to the concepts inappropriate pictures, ugly design and poor analytical methods. The main termination arising from this analysis is that if you standardize or adapt to accomplish better business performance will essentially based on the totality of the conditions in which a company is faced with a scrupulous foreign policy of a specific time period.1.5.2 Analyze the contribution of market research to the decision-making processes of a business, e.g. the role of marketing information systems the importance of competitive intelligenceThis paper reports case study of an inter-organizational (IOS) of Cisco and Xiao Tong in China. We interviewed their senior managers, heads of departments and employees who have been directly affected in their work. Other sources of are company documents and publicly available background The study examines the benefits of the IOS for both corporations. The also reveals cardinal critical success factors for the IOS, namely intensive stimulation, shared vision, cross-organizational implementation team, high integration with internal, inter-organizational re-engineering, advanced legacy and infrastructure and shared industry standard.Outcome 02 see how to build marketing strategy2.1 Analyze critically how strategic market analysis, marketing goals and marketing actions influence marketing strategyAfter designing core values, vision, missio n, you need goals and objectives that will help to accomplish your vision.Objectives The objectives are broad statements of what you want. Therefore they should be included in your vision. You should look into the mission, as you will be involved to realize your vision. Examples of business objectives Improving profitability Increasing the competence capture a larger market share give improved customer service Advance employee training Reduce the emissions of carbon dioxide An objective should accomplish below given criteria Good Is it fitting with the vision and mission? Acceptable Adjusts the values of the company and its employees? Clarity Is it easy to understand and easy to explain? Flexible can be adjusted and modified as needed?Ensure the objectives are paying attention on the significant aspects of the business. Do not use too many objectives or else you school principal lose your concentration. Even the design of your objectives do not conflict and get in the way with ea ch other.Demonstrate how an over-all view on the strategic position of businesses and the understanding of their competitors impact on their marketing strategyHere are AgVA strategies, goals, objectives and action plan. It should be considered that the strategy is a sequence of techniques to use mission is to accomplish the vision. The objectives are statements of what I required to be through with(p) to execute the strategy. The objectives are explicit milestones to achieve the goal. The milestones can be accomplished with the action plans which include specific actions to be taken.Vision a vivacious campestral economy determined by value-added agriculture.Mission To generate and foster the growth of value-added agricultural enterprises.Strategy utilize local peasant leaders with the skills for the development of company and for business development.Objective the interest of local farmers / development work experience.Objective generate a Subscription twenty farmers February 1st. Action Plan Establish a rank and file committee to employ local farmers heads. Recognize the 40 farm heads in major cities in the area. Call qualifying. Contact individually, in the hope that half of throng will be ready to participate.2.3 Analyze critically the golf links between growth strategies and the main instances of strategic marketing objectivesGoals are specific, measurable, time-sensitive statement of what should be achieved and when it will be achieved. Milestones along the road to achieving your goals. Examples of the companys goals are at least a 20% after-tax rate of return on our investment in equity to earn during the next fiscal year the market share of 10 per cent increase over the next three years.Reduce operating costs by 15 percent over the next two years, improving the efficiency of the production process. The time of the call-back to reduce the investigation of the client and not more than four hours.The goals must meet the following criteria Measurable Wh at will happen and when? Appropriate apply it as a measure to reach the goal? possible It is possible to achieve? Commitment People are committed to achieving this goal? Properties are the people responsible for achieving the objective included in the definition of the target.2.4 Demonstrate how marketing strategies contribute to sustainable competitive advantages.This study examines the impact of the six dimensions of corporate social responsibility, sustainability marketing strategy the mediation influences of marketing painting, customer satisfaction, stakeholder sufferance and marketing performance. CSR consists of human development, environmental considerations, community involvement, product and service innovation trend, the attention of consumers, and the competition is an important strategy that will help companies get image enhanced marketing, customer satisfaction, stakeholder acceptance marketing performance and sustainability marketing. Here ISO 14000 106 companies in Thailand, was selected as the sample of the study. The results showed that some dimensions of corporate social responsibility has a significant impact on the marketing strategy, customer satisfaction, stakeholder acceptance and sustainability marketing. Furthermore, the performance of marketing a authorization positive effect on the sustainability of marketing. Moreover, the ethical vision and competitive intensity has a moderating influence on the partial corporate responsibility strategy social relationships, marketing image, customer satisfaction, stakeholder acceptance, marketing performance and sustainability marketing. authorization conversation with the results of the research is actually applied in the studyApply the main steps of marketing planning in practical business situations mission statement (or define the mission of the company) has an impact on all the planning throughout the organization, because it is a statement of the companys overall business philosophy. No rmally, a set of guidelines, quite an than something that is expressed in quantitative terms hard and fast. Situation analysis involves assessing the internal and external factors that influence the planning process and asks the question Where are we?. This sum that the research and analysis of all the information that has an impact on the organization and its operations, internal factors such as individual departmental corporate resources, external factors such as the current political events may interfere with the activities of the company. organizational goals requires a management company to offer guidance on how the company to fulfill its mission, and it makes it clear that the company wants to be. This, in contrast to the mission, should be expressed in quantitative terms available. strategies to achieve these objectives, concrete ideas on the achievement of corporate goals and relate to study the way in which the mission is accomplished.2.1 Analyze critically how strategic market analysis, marketing goals and marketing actions influence marketing strategy2.1.1 Evaluate the key influences on strategic marketing planning, e.g. analysing competitors identifying strategic marketing goals.The creation of a marketing strategy inevitably takes place in a strategic context which is a mixture of internal and external factors. Because of this, it is essential to have a clear understanding of that context before the marketing strategy is constructed. A systematic approach to acquiring that understanding helps to ensure that it is well informed and covers all the relevant factors.2.2 Demonstrate how an over-all view on the strategic position of businesses and the understanding of their competitors impact on their marketing strategy2.2.1 Explain the importance of competitors, e.g. key issues when analyzing a businesss competitorsCompetitive analysis and strategic evaluation of the strongly corrugated and corrugated SWAK of current and potential competitors. This analysis provides both an offensive and defensive strategic context to identify opportunities and threats. Profiling an average of all relevant sources of competitor analysis in a framework in support of the efficient and effective strategy formulation, implementation, monitoring and adjustment. analysis is an essential part of the corporate strategy. It is argued that most companies are not this type of analysis systematically enough to carry. On the contrary, many companies are working on what is called informal impressions, assumptions and intuition by goodies information about competitors every manager continually receive. As a result, the traditional sites of the area scanned many companies to the risk of dangerous competitive blind areas due to a lack of robust competitor analysis. Demonstrating the value of information about competitors, such examples of business use to answer questions which provides information on five main competitorsManagement for Impact means that that i s what is needed to respond to changing conditions and greater understanding by the adaptation of the project so it will be more likely to achieve its expected impact such changes may result in minor changes to the assets or major strategic reviews .. Each project is managed to be impacted by its own set of limitations. hold the internal and external constraints will help you to have realistic expectations of what can be achieved and set.2.3 Analyze critically the links between growth strategies and the main types of strategic marketing objectives2.3.1 Explain the main types of strategic marketing objective, e.g. niche, hold, harvesting and divest objectivesThe purpose of strategic marketing analysis is to help managers understand the nature of the industry, the way firms behave competitively within the industry, and how competition is generally undertaken. From this information it becomes easier to determinate exactly what the marketing goals should be. There are several types of s trategic objective but four main ones are considered here. These are niche, hold, harvest, and divest goals and are considerable briefly. However the section that follows considers a further objective, namely growth.2.3.2 Demonstrate the links between growth as an objective and other key strategic marketing objectives, e.g. examine types of growth (intensive, integrative, diversified) in relation to other to strategic marketing objectivesWhen an organization adopts a diversification strategy they are essentially moving outsidecurrent, known areas of expertise. Through diversification they begin to work with newproducts, in new markets, and this brings new risks.Diversification for single-product organizations is an important development for two mainreasons. First, risk becomes spread across two or more markets, and secondly, organizationalresources such as management, marketing, finance, production, and operations can be usedmore effectively and efficiently when deployed across mor e than one product or market.Horizontal diversification occurs when products that are technologically unrelated toThe established product range are introduced to the same market.Concentric diversification occurs when products that are technologically related to theCurrent portfolio is introduced to new markets.Conglomerate diversification occurs when products that is technologically unrelatedTo the current portfolio are introduced to new markets.2.4 Demonstrate how marketing strategies contribute to sustainable competitive advantage2.4.1 Identify the conditions essential for sustained competitive advantage, e.g. Porters ideas for sustainabilityHe described a category scheme consisting of three general types of strategies that are commonly used by companies to achieve competitive advantage and maintain. These three generic strategies are defined along two dimensions strategic scope and strategic violence. Strategic scope is a demand-side dimension (Michael E. Porter was originall y an engineer, then an economist before he specialized in strategy) and look at the size and composition of the market you intend to target. Strategic strength is a supply-side dimension and look at the strength or core competency of the company. In particular, he has two powers which he felt was most important product differentiation and product cost (effectiveness) identified.2.4.2 Assess how different strategies contribute to competitive advantage, e.g. key positions that a business can adopt (cost leadership, differentiation and focus strategies) and their impact in achieving competitive advantageDifferentiate their products in a way to compete successfully. Examples of successful use of a differentiation strategy are Hero Honda, Asian Paints, HLL, Nike Sneakers, By-Pastor, Apple Computer, and Mercedes-Benz. Differentiation that is tuned when the target segment is not sensitive to price, the market is competitive or saturated, customers have very specific requirements that may b e under-served, and the company has resources and unique features that allow you to these needs in a response mode that are difficult to copy. These include patents or other rights of sharp property (IP), the only technical expertise (eg Apples ability to design or animation prowess PEER), talented employees (for example, a champion sports team or a company of merchants Star brokerage), or innovative processes. Successful brand management is only observed even when the physical product is the same competitors. In this way, Chiquita was able to banana brand Starbucks coffee could be seen, and could sneakers Nike brand. Fashion designers are heavily dependent on this form of image difference.2.5 Apply the main steps of marketing planning in practical business situations2.5.1 Demonstrate the process of marketing planning in a business context, e.g. devise outline marketing plans to meet the needs of different sizes and types of businessThe assignment gives few guidelines, examples, me thods, tools, and the procedure to write a business plan that generates effluent outcomes. There is also online guidance available which are not chargeable and which demonstrates ways in which marketing strategy can be generated or a company to write a basic business plan or a plan related to sales by making use of freely available templates, examples and tools of how specific the statement on an individual basis and theories and techniques for marketing strategy and marketing planning, consisting of tools and guidelines for advertising, press, public relations (PR), and media relations, generation of sales through inquiries , advertising copywriting, internet and web marketing, offers, and so on. There is an in-depth information available about sales planning and selling based on current market situations.Outcome 03 Understand the concept and role of market segmentation and localizationDifferentiate between market segmentation and product differentiationA small business can diff erentiate its product using marketing techniques, by physically changing the product or by changing the price. Using marketing, you can create a brand or image in the mind of consumers by pointing out the difference between your product and those of your competitors. For example, your advertising can show that while your product may cost the same as your competitors, it lasts longer, making it less expensive to use. If you sell tennis shoes, you can reinforce the toes, making it a longer-lasting shoe that appeals to frequent players who wear out their shoes. Lowering or acme the price of a product differentiates you from your competition.Because consumers have different needs, even when shopping for the same product, its important to know who is buying your product. This will help you plan your marketing, product development and pricing. You can sell a higher-priced version of your product with extra features in specialty stores to attract young, affluent singles, and sell another version with few features at a lower cost to young families or seniors. You can sell one version of your product to consumers, and another to businesses.3.2 Compare and contrast different targeting approachesBusiness plans come in all shapes and sizes. Pragmatism is essential. Ensure your plan shows what your business needs it to show. Essentially your plan is a spreadsheet of total with supporting narrative, explaining how the numbers are to be achieved. A plan should show all the activities and resources in terms of revenues and costs, which together hopefully produce a profit at the end of the trading year. The level of detail and complexity depends on the size and part of the business that the plan concerns. Your business plan, which deals with all aspects of the resource and management of the business (or your part of the business), will include many decisions and factors fed in from the marketing process. It will state sales and profitability targets by activity. In a market ing plan there may also be references to image and reputation, and to public relations. All of these issues require thought and planning if they are to result in improvement, and particularly increasing numbers of customers and revenue growth. You would normally describe and provide financial justification for the means of achieving these things, together with customer satisfaction improvement. Above all a plan needs to be based on actions cost-effective and profitable cause and effect inputs required to achieved required outputs, analyses, identifie

Sydney Opera House Construction Project

Sydney opera house dramatic art Construction ProjectThe purpose of this assignment is to rese wind the Sydney Opera domiciliate wrench regard and to prepare a report under the following headingsJump toProject overview/BackgroundProject team/S allowholdersConstructionProject costexecutive summary/ end pointProject Overview/BackgroundThe Sydney Opera House is one of the worlds iconic buildings and is recognized by most people universally. It is has become a globular symbol of Australia.Planning for the Sydney Opera House began in the late 1940s, when Eugene Goossens, the Director of the New South Wales (NSW) State Conservatorium of Music, lobbied for a suitable venue for large representation productions. The normal venue for these productions, the Sydney Town Hall, was not considered large enough. By 1954, Goossens had gained the support of NSW Premier (Prime Minister) Joseph Cahill, who called for designs for a dedicated opera house. It was also Goossens who insisted that Bennel ong Point be the lay for the Opera House. Joseph Cahill had primarily wanted it to be on or near Wynyard Railway Station in the northwest of the CBD.In 1956 Joseph Cahill, announced an international competitor for the design of an opera house for Sydney. The competition called for a structure that contained two theatres a large hall for opera, ballet, and large scale symphony concerts capable of pose 3,000-3,500 people, and a smaller hall for drama, chamber music and recitals, capable of seating approx 1,200 people. A total of 233 designs were submitted for the competition. In January 1957, Jorn Utzon was announced the winner after his design had originally been rejected by three of the four judges. His design was based on the sails of a ship and gull wings using architectural concepts borrowed from the ancient Chinese. He won AUS $15000 for his design.One of Utzons Original SketchesThe Fort Macquarie Tram Depot, occupying the site at this time, was demolished in 1958. Original ly the formulate was scheduled for four years with a budget of AUS $7 million. The goal was to make the project realised by the end of 1962 and have the grand opening at the start of 1963. The wrench of the Opera House did not begin until March 1959.The project ended up taking 14 years to complete and cost AUS $102 million.Project Team/StakeholdersThe project team consisted of the designer and architect Jorn Utzon as well as Ove Arup, who was in charge of the structure and the engineering. in that respect were various other subcontractors who made up the curiosity of the team.The team was in charge of mechanics, electrics, heating and ventilating, lighting and acoustics, basically all of the design and construction. There was no project manager appointed to the job, and it was assumed that Utzon was to take the managerial role for all decisions regarding any design, construction or development. In actuality, it was Arup who was in charge of construction and development, even t hough Utzon usually had the final exam decision. So while the responsibilities should have been evenly shared between Utzon and Arup, Utzon strived for more than(prenominal) control than he had. In addition, since Utzon was unquestionably the leading professional in the team, the other members anticipate that he would control the program and produce the drawings for construction.Stakeholders are persons or organisations who will affect or be affected by the project. There were two master(prenominal) stakeholders at the beginning of the Sydney Opera House construction, Jorn Utzon and the state of New South Wales which encompassed the Australian Government who launched the competition for the project, especially the Labour Premier Joseph Cahill.Jorn UtzonWhen a more conservative Liberal Party won the elections in 1965 and a new presidential term was created, Davis Hughes was appointed Minister for Public Works and became a main stakeholder as he had control over the funding for t he project.Some other stakeholders were Ove Arup and his firm as well as the other external companies and consulting firms. The construction of the project infallible the use of new techniques (computer-based three dimensional site positioning devices, geothermal pumps) and it was outsourced to new consulting bodies such as Unisearch.Finally, the public was an indirect stakeholder because they were concerned with the projects success. And while precisely some citizens would be customers of the OperaHouse, it would also prove to be an integral part of Sydney and the countrys history. The public also contributed to the funding of the Opera through a draftsmanship set up by the Government.ConstructionThe project was built in three stages. Stage I (1959-1963) consisted of building the upper podium. Stage II (1963-1967) apothegm the construction of the outer shells. Stage III (1967-1973) consisted of the interior design and construction.Stage 1Stage 1 commenced on 2 March 1959 by the construction firm Civil HYPERLINK http//en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Civil__ civicHYPERLINK http//en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Civil__Civic Civic, monitored by the Ove Arups engineering firm. The government had pushed for wee to begin early, fearing that funding, or public opinion, might turn against them. However, Utzon had still not completed the final designs. There were still some major structural issues that were yet to be resolved. By 23 January 1961, work was running 47 weeks behind schedule, mainly because of unthought difficulties (inclement weather, unexpected difficulty diverting stormwater, construction beginning before proper construction drawings had been prepared, transfigures of original contract documents). Work on the podium was finally completed in February 1963. Construction of the podium 1962The forced early start led to significant later line of works, one of the biggest problems beingness the fact that the podium columns were not unbendable enough to support the roof structure, and had to be re-builtStage 2The shells of the competition entry were originally of undefined geometry. Ove Arup and his engineering firm struggled to induce an acceptable rootage to constructing them. The formwork for using in-situ concrete would have been prohibitively expensive, but, because there was no repetition in any of the roof forms, the construction of precast concrete for distributively individual section would possibly have been even more expensive.From 1957 to 1963, the design team went through at least twelve variations of the form of the shells trying to find an economically acceptable form before a realistic solution was agreed upon. The design work on the shells involved one of the earliest uses of computers in structural analysis, in order to understand some of forces to which the shells would be subjected. In mid-1961, the design team found a solution to the problem the shells all being created as sections from a sphere.The shells were constructed by Hornibrook Group Pty Ltd, who were also responsible for construction in Stage 3. Hornibrook manufactured the 2400 precast ribs and 4000 roof panels in an on-site grind and also developed the construction processes.The achievement of this solution avoided the need for expensive formwork construction by allowing the use of precast units (it also allowed the roof tiles to be prefabricated in sheets on the ground, instead of being stuck on individually at height). Ove Arup and Partners site engineer supervised the construction of the shells, which used an innovative adjustable steel-trussed erection arch to support the different roofs before completion. On 6 April 1962, it was estimated that the Opera House would be completed between August 1964 and March 1965. Construction of the shells 1963Stage 3By Stage 3, the interiors, the project was taking up so much of his time that Utzon moved his entire office to Sydney in February 1963. However, there was a change of government in 1965, and the new Robert Askin government declared the project under the jurisdiction of the Ministry of Public Works and put massive pressure on Utzon to earth up the project. This ultimately led to his resignation in 1966. His position was taken over by Peter Hall who was mostly responsible for the interior design. At this point, the government asked for the number of seats to be increased from 2000 to 3000. The acoustic advisor, Lothar Cremer, was full of criticism of Utzons original design. He said this would not be possible and would be pestiferous to the acoustics. Utzons design was coming under a significant amount of criticism at this point. Even the stage designer, Peter Jones, criticised the overall interior design. During all the criticism, work was still carried out with significant changes to Utzons design. The final stage was eventually completed in 1973. Sydney Opera House InteriorProject CostsThe Sydney Opera House could probably be seen as one of the most financially di sastrous construction projects in history. The winning design from the competition was originally supposed to have a budget of AUS$7 million. Initially the cost of the Opera House was estimated at AUS$3.6 million from the design entry. When Utzon submitted his refined designs the Red Book, the estimates were then calculated by a quantity surveyor at AUS$4,781,200.The NSW Government decided not to invest any money into the Opera House and decided to donate no more than AUS$100,000. They then set up the Opera House Lottery for the public, which ran through the course of the construction and generated enough funds to keep the construction going.The Opera House was formally completed in 1973, having cost $102 million.The following approximations were provided by the Hornibrook director in charge of the projectStage 1 Podium Civil and Civic $5.5 millionStage 2 Roof Shells $12.5 millionStage 3 Stage equipment, stage lighting and organ $9 millionFees and other costs $16.5 million.1974, th e minister for public works announced the final bill for the project was $102 million, a total of $95 million over budget.Executive Summary/ConclusionThe Sydney Opera House project was an unmitigated failure from a construction and project management point of view. The three major factors for a project to be successful are cost, time and quality. The project came in at a total of almost 1400% over budget and took ten years longer than expected.There were a number of factors in the failure of the project. At the beginning of any project, goals and objectives have to be clearly defined by the client to provide a guideline for what the project must contain. The project wasnt defined properly and the plans were changed constantly. The Australian Governments impatience and decision to start the construction before all the designs and drawings had been completed was a major factor in the project failures. This in turn made it extremely difficult for the design and construction teams as we ll as change magnitude the costs of the project.Jorn Utzon, being the designer and architect should have attempted to minimise changes to the plans unless absolutely necessary by simply rejecting unnecessary alterations.The lack of a project manager played a big role in the failure of the project. A project manager is absolutely essential for most construction projects and for sure a project of this size. In general, the project manager is responsible for the overall success of the project. The lack of leadership and guidance seemed to be a significant problem during the building of the Opera House. Without a project manager there was no clear leader or boss and therefore nobody for the contractors to liaise with in the event of uncertainties or concerns about any aspect of the construction except for Utzon who seemed to have his hands full with the constant design changes and updates.Although the construction of the project is by and large seen as an absolute failure, it is impo ssible to argue that the Sydney Opera House is anything other than an outstanding success for Sydney and for Australia as a country. It is one of the most recognisable buildings in the world and attracts millions of visitors annually.

Life is precious :: essays research papers fc

Life Is Precious It has been argued that it should be made legal for patients to shed doctor-assisted suicide, or mercy-killing, which is the term used to let on ending deportment through the voluntary self-administration of lethal medication, expressly prescribed by a physician for that purpose (DHS-Internet). By approximately a two-to-one ratio, nigh adults in the US agree that it should be this way. When read a brief description of the Oregon proposition, allowing physician-assisted suicide for patients who argon thought to have less than sextette months to live, a 61% to 34% majority said that they would favor such a law in their state(Harris 2). However, I myself touch sensation, that it shouldnt be authorise for several reasons this matter does not belong upon human beings to decide physicians and family members, rather than patients are likely to be the real decision makers terminally ill patients are not sufficiently conscious to make end-of-life decisions. First of all, no one should have the right to decide about ending lives, even if it is his/her own. For the breath of life was given without being requested, therefore no one has the power to decide upon when it should end or be taken away from a person. Indeed, most Americans feel that it is fine for terminally ill patients to take away their own lives. However, if the suicide is successfully done, who will be able to say that person would not have recovered if they had waited patiently? We have all heard some cases about people who were dying and for some reason, a miracle happened which made them react and live again. I myself have a similar experience in my family. About five years ago, my brother was under no condition to live, due to a heavy chronic kidney complication. He got to the point to where the doctors asked for the familys consent to turn the machines off because there was no more chance of survival. For many diverse reasons we chose to wait upon sequence to see what would h appen. Not very long after that, the one who was supposed to be already dead miraculously reacted and started to live again. This shows that many times though doctors seem to know the best escape, time and patience proves them otherwise. According to Stephen R. Katz M.D., the term doctor-assisted suicide may sound reassuring, almost comforting, and maybe even a amicable alternative to a sometimes agonizing death, but the true meaning is that it is nothing but the act of taking of a life by other human (Doctor Inform-internet).

Charles Taylor :: essays research papers

In The Politics of Recognition Charles Taylor explores the possibility that in inn to affirm individuals equal dignity, we must acknowledge their cultures. He claims that individual identities atomic number 18 socially and dialogically constructed. That is why recognition is important. It shows how the study of identity and its politics is very important in the effort to understand control and somehow reduce the occurrent of group conflicts. The views of others may not be the last word concerning our identities, but they are the first word. If so, misrecognition can damage and can be the basis of subjection and domination (p 25).     Charles Taylor argues that valet de chambre identity is constituted by cultural group membership, and an individuals sense of self worth is thus deeply tied to the value that others make up to his or her cultural group. As a result of this "new understanding of the human social condition," cultural recognition can be co nstrued as a necessary component of individual recognition, and misrecognition can reasonably be considered a melodic line of oppression (Taylor, 1994 25-26). If cultural group attachment is a feature of the human social condition, liberal theory had better deal with cultural group rights if it is to be relevant.     Such observations form the basis of several criticisms of what Taylor terms adjectival liberalism. Taylor sees this form of liberalism as rooted in a Kantian view of the self in which the essential feature of the self is autonomy procedural liberalism requires, in order to respect human dignity, a polity in which each person is able to conceive and pursue his or her own vision of the good.      Taylor argues that while procedural liberalism is committed to the view that different cultures are to be tolerated and respected, it also insists that we must live according to a common set of political rules uniformly applied. This win ning of liberalism, he claims, is unable to vary basic rights in order to accommodate the survival requirements of minority cultures.

Creationism and Public Schools Essay -- essays research papers fc

Creationism and Public SchoolsThe issue of whether creationism should be taught in public schools, rather than evolution, is a new one. It has only been in the bypast fifty years that it has even been in debate. Public school scholarship classes, when discussing the origins of life on Earth, coincided with Sunday school classes. Students learned that the Earth, universe and everything else was created in septet days, by God, as body politicd in the Old Testament. It was not until recently with the rise of scientific reason and equal rights organizations did these teachings become questioned. The argument spurs from each souls personal belief, and that is where things get complicated. To successfully teach creationism in public schools, you have to decided a definitive creationism story to base it on, and with Christianity, this is a problem. Protestant fundamentalists will interpret the Bible as literally as possible. While Catholics and Orthodox Jews will interpret it as they see setting. This is a basic division of religion. Each group has its own views and interpretations of the Bible, and these groups will never agree on one specific idea. Therefore, how could you base a lesson on an idea that varies depending on who you be talking too? Evolution on the other hand, is based on evidence that in the scientific field is not debated. Tangible proof has been schematic for evolution. It is a widely accepted theory, that most with an understanding of it, accept it as fact. Unlike creationism, the ideas that found evolution be not subject to personal opinion, they are stated as factual information, and the ideas are not questioned by those who believe it. With creationism, you introduce debate between students and teachers on how the Bible should be read. The class past becomes a theology class, instead of a biology class.There are some who try and teach creationism as a science, calling it Creation Science. They state that God created the Earth and tha t God also created evolution as a means of self preservation. They alter the original story in Genesis to fit Darwins theory on evolution. Linking creationism to evolution and acknowledging the existence of evolution makes this pseudoscience sound more plausible and scientific. This is referred t... ...ism has no place in a public science classroom. Students do not need to be sheltered from learning the origins of life on Earth. Science explains the origins of life with the theory of evolution, and what better place to learn almost evolution than in a science class? Religion explains the origins of life with creationism, and what better place to learn about creationism than in a religious milieu? Science should stay out of churches, and churches should stay out of classrooms. BibliographyAbramsom, Paul Creationism.org Creationism FAQ2004. Paul Ambramson. http//www.creationism.org/topbar/faq.htmArthur, Joyce. Creationism Bad Science or Immoral Pseudoscience?1996. Joyce Arthur. ht tp//mypage.direct.ca/w/writer/gish.htmlBibleGateway.com Deuteronomy 2118-21 top executive James Version2003. Gospel Communications Network. http//bible.gospelcom.net/bible?version=KJV&passage=Deuteronomy+2118-21Teaching Science, Not Dogma The Creationism Controversy2001. Anti-Defamation League http//www.adl.org/issue_religious_freedom/create/creationism3.asp

Christopher Columbus Essay -- Christopher Columbus Essays

The skills and qualities required of Christopher capital of Ohio in order for him to lead a safe and successful voyage to undiscovered and unexplored lands weighed heavily on him, as he was initially placed in a headship position in the course of the planning of the journey because he originated and entertained the idea of purpose a passage to China through unmarked waters. With his assiduousness and persistence, his appeal and intelligence, he was able to convince the King and Queen of Spain to fund his trip. These issues, along with the accompaniment that he had never been a captain on a ship, began the fulfillment of a dream built on nothing. These steps taken were the foundation of what would be a great hero and leader.One valuable attribute in any man in who is put into a dangerous position of both(prenominal) power and responsibility is the ability to keep a close connection between the leader and the follower, which often determines the success of the leaders mission. In C olumbus case, it was the capability to unite a crew, who, through storms, shipwrecks, disease, dissension, and even death, remained united enough to make several voyages to the New World. He, and leaders in general, must give an excess effort to motivate to cohorts in order to initiate and expand this alliance that is crucial to the attainment of goals.Another essential quality considered necessary for Columbus to contain his expedition was a secure code...