Describe Functions of Management

Bachelor of Science HIV/AIDS Management and Community Development Student Name Runganga Fanuel Pharquior Assignment: Describe functions of management citing examples Management is the organization and coordination of the activities of a business in order to achieve defined objectives. Management is often included as a factor of production along with machines, materials, and money. According to the management guru Peter Drucker (1909-2005), the basic tasks of management include both marketing and innovation.Practice of modern management originates from the 16th century study of low-efficiency and failures of certain enterprises, conducted by the English statesman Sir Thomas More (1478-1535). Management consists of the interlocking functions of creating corporate policy and organizing, planning, controlling, and directing an organization's resources in order to achieve the objectives of that policy According to Peter Drucker management can be described as the organization and coordinat ion of the activities of an enterprise in accordance with certain policies and in achievement of clearly defined objectives.Management is often included as a factor of production along with machines, materials and money. Peter Drucker (1909–2005)†Management is a multi-purpose organ that manages business and manages managers and manages workers and work. Mary Parker Follet, simply states that â€Å"Management is the art of getting things done through people. † Many scholars who have studied management have come up with different definitions of management and its functions and some like Luther Gullick have come up with a list functions of management that include planning, organizing, directing, staffing, co-coordinating, reporting abbreviated (PODSCORB).However most scholars notably Koontz and O’Donnel are agreeable that the most important functions of management can be trimmed to only five namely planning, organizing staffing, directing and controlling. Pla nning involves mapping out exactly how to achieve a particular goal. It gives direction to the organization and enables managers to determine strategies to achieve organizational goals. Say, for example, that the organization's goal is to improve company sales. The manager first needs to decide which steps are necessary to accomplish that goal. These steps may include increasing advertising, inventory, and sales staff.These necessary steps are developed into a plan. When the plan is in place, the manager can follow it to accomplish the goal of improving company sales. Planning can be short term or long term, and ensures proper utilization of human and non-human resources thus helps in minimizing confusion ,risks, wastages and uncertainties. Planning is important in forecasting and catering for unforeseen adverse events by putting contingency measures in place. For example hospital managers may have an emergency plan in place to handle things like disease outbreaks or accidents.Henri Fayol argues that to organize a business is to provide it with all the necessary resources for it to function fully. Organizing is the process of bringing together physical financial and human resources in order to achieve organizational goals. After a plan is in place, a manager needs to organize a team and materials according to the plan. Assigning work and granting authority are two important elements of organizing. The organization process involves identification of what is supposed to be done, classification of activities, assigning of duties, and delegation of responsibility and authority.An example can be of a farm manager who is faced with a planting season with a group of workers and many fields and crops to plant. He has to quantify the amount of work to be accomplished over a given period thus organizes his staff into small groups each with a foreman responsible for tillage, planting, irrigation etc. He should go on to come up with a time frame when he expects the tasks to be performed and ensure that all the resources required that include seed, fertilizers etc are in place for the task to be accomplished in time. Staffing is concerned with keeping adequate staff levels to keep the organization well manned all the time.This involves having the right person for the right job and the main purpose is selecting the properly qualified person for the job. It might also involve staff development by organizing on job training or training and retraining of staff to meet the dynamic demands of the organization. After a manager discerns his area's needs, he may decide to beef up his staffing by recruiting, selecting, training, and developing employees. A manager in a large organization often works with the company's human resources department to accomplish this goal.An organization might acquire new machinery and realize that they need new members of staff to operate the machine or an organization may soon realize that their enterprise is growing and need mo re staff to man its new branches. Directing deals mainly with setting in motion the action of people in an organization and is involved with supervising, motivating, leading, and communicating the goals of the organization to the workers. Directing involves supervising how work is done and ensuring staff is motivated enough to accomplish the organizational goals by offering incentives to ensure workers have a zeal for work.Managers might discover that in order to accomplish a task in time there is need to work long hour and may find it fit to provide food on site and also introduce incentives for the workers prepared to work overtime. After the other elements are in place, a manager's job is not finished. He needs to continuously check results against goals and take any corrective actions necessary to make sure that his area's plans remain on track. Directing consists of a process or technique by which instruction can be issued and operations can be carried out and goals achieved as originally planned.Controlling implies ensuring that everything is in conformity with set standards to achieve organizational goals. It involves measuring the accomplished against the set standards. According to Koontz and O’Donnell controlling is the measurement and correction of performance activities of subordinates in order to make sure that the enterprise objectives and plans are accomplished. The process is concerned with establishment of standard performance, measurement of actual performance, comparison of actual with the set standards and isolating deviations if any and finally corrective action.The success of any organization big or small hinges on the quality of its managers and more often than not enterprises run by poorly equipped mangers in terms of knowledge depth usually operate poorly and eventually collapse whilst those run by astute mangers flourish and prosper. References 1. Harold Koontz and Cyril O’Donnel, Essentials of Management (1976) 2. Henri Fayol, (1841-1925), Principles of Management 3. Luther Gullick (1937), Science of Administration 4. Mary Parker Follet (1900-20) Classic School of Management 5. Peter Drucker (1909-2005), The Principles of Management 6. Sir Thomas More (1478-1535) Oregon State University

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Pollution - Human health and the environment Assignment

Pollution - Human health and the environment - Assignment Example ubstances are responsible for causing skin disorders, respiratory abnormalities, abdominal problems, eye infections, damage to the central nervous system, and blood disorders (Santrock, 2014). The problem of interaction between environmental pollution and health is considered a global issue since pollution is not restricted to place and time. The problem of health hazards caused by environmental pollution is widely recognized due to fatalities that are associated with it. Pollution effects of health are caused by both natural and human factors. The greatest natural factor that spurs health hazards of pollution constitutes tsunamis. A tsunami is a series of water waves that results from a displacement of large volumes of water in an ocean or sea. The 2004 Indian tsunami is one of the deadliest in history of the world that caused deaths of more than 230, 000 people (Gullì, 2013). Tsunamis cause widespread destruction and deposits solid and liquid chemicals into water bodies. Global warming is the unequivocal and constant rise in the average temperature of the earth’s climate system. Human factors that cause pollution include emissions from industries and manufacturing activities, burning fossil fuels, household and farming chemicals, and discharge of untreated sewage into water bodies. The effects of pollution cause chemical reactions that create poisonous gases. An example of a poisonous gas is ground-level ozone, which is adversarial to p eople’s health (Grandjean, 2013). Pollution also causes to depletion of ozone layer from the atmosphere, leading to exposure of people to harmful ultra-violet rays. A clean environment is highly fundamental for human health and wellbeing. Human beings depend on environmental factors for their survival (Gullì, 2013). Without environment, no life would exist on the earth. The environment consists of both living and non-living components that surround a person, place, or an object. The interactions between the environment

Do Media Cause Individuals to Develop Negative Body Images Assignment

Do Media Cause Individuals to Develop Negative Body Images - Assignment Example Both the sides presented a very astounding debate and quite well defended their side not only with theories; they even used appropriate facts to defend their side. Before deciding whether the â€Å"for† side or the â€Å"against† side performed a better job it is necessary to know that I personally believe that it is the peer pressure as suggested by the against side that makes me feel bad about my own image and the way I look (Alexander 80). But I still believe that those in the favor of the issue that media is making people feel bad about themselves presented a better debate this is because they used several examples of advertisements that simply show a perfectly crafted figure and make individuals feel bad about them. The recommendations those are later provided to the audience even back the thought that media makes human being feel negative about themselves as the recommendations mostly focus on loosing fat instead of focusing on the importance of exercise and healt hy

Nervous systems,function and survival Essay Example | Topics and Well Written Essays - 1000 words

Nervous systems,function and survival - Essay Example Sensory nervous system for instance sends viable information across to the CNS. The kind of information send through this channel is mostly gotten from external stimuli or from internal organs. From the CNS, the cells from the motor nervous system will carry loads of relevant information to organs, glands and muscles (Rudolf, 2008). Some elements of the nervous system perform such vital functions as contracting the bladder, constricting pupils as well as inhibiting heart rates. These are done by the parasympathetic division of the nervous system. On the same breath, the sympathetic division reverses these by speeding up the heart rate, relaxing the bladder and even dilating the pupils. This is in form of corrective measure to avert potential danger that accelerated heart rate can come with. It is said that each and every emotion that one experiences has to pass through the central nervous system. The CNS plays a pivotal role to initiate certain systems of reactions as soon as it is t riggered. As soon as the CNS starts to facilitate these systems, thoughts, experiences and movements, it does so to reach the rest of the body through organs, neurons and cells. A sense of balance is also vital to the body. This means that the body may want to stick to a strict mode of operation. The CNS manages to assist the body do this so as to enable one survive. Response to situations that are considered stressful are also controlled as much as possible, mostly through the launch of adrenaline that makes the stress patterns have little or no effect on the rest of the body. The CNS also manages to regulate serotonim production which has adverse effects on daily functions of life like desire for sex, hunger and sleep (Valery, 2006). The human body has immune system that contains various organs. These organs have billions of cells that function towards facilitating immunity. The endocrine system always releases hormones that support CNS so as to enable people or animals survive. T he white blood cells are the major stars in this effort as they check for foreign invaders in circulation of the blood. They facilitate immune response and fight against any unwanted materials that may invade the blood or the tissues. Living with stress tends to threaten the stability of an individual or an animal, and therefore homeostasis tends to restore the balance by responses that are either behavioral or physiological to attack intruders. The severity by which the intruders attack will act to activate the CNS which will in turn appoint the relevant adaptive responses. In this way the body stays quite safe and has the ability to fight diseases (Valery, 2006). Doctors have pointed out in studies that inflammations are the major causes of degenerative and chronic diseases like allergies, arthritis, cancer, diabetes chronic fatigue, heart disease, lupus as well as many other diseases. This form of inflammation causes strong response witnessed from immune systems against pathogens that cause illness and physical injury. All these diseases have adverse effects on the immune system especially if they occur alongside stress. The immune system will be overcrowded and hence weakened leading to a compromise state of affairs in the immune system and hence this exposes people to many other illnesses (Rudolf, 2008). Hormones release is majorly done to facilitate

Decisions with Group Effort Essay Example | Topics and Well Written Essays - 500 words

Decisions with Group Effort - Essay Example This office is overcome by what is characterized as "groupthink" meaning that everyone just goes with the flow and doesn't stand up for their opinions or challenge anyone else. They conform and become almost mechanical in their day to day work. This office as previously stated is using group think which is unhealthy and leads to a lower level of productivity. The term "group think" was coined by Irving Janis who felt that "each member of the group attempts to conform his or her opinions to what they believe to be the consensus of the group" (Wikipedia). These employees are not given clear direction; they are just told to come up with ideas and given a timeframe. They have no inspiration to be creative and tend to lean on others and agree much easier. The CEO of this company is also creating group polarization by exaggerating what is happening in the office and making it seem as if his employees are sitting in their chairs all day not being productive. According to changing minds.org if a person makes a statement like the CEO has, "The problem then is that having taken a position you feel obliged to support it, even if you think it actually is a bit extreme" (Changingminds.org). This CEO needs to recognize he is dealing with a human who has feelings and want to be recognized for their achieve

International relations Essay Example | Topics and Well Written Essays - 500 words

International relations - Essay Example This can be detrimental if there no other stronger economies to watch over or counter the influence of the economically superior country. At least, there should be countries with better GDP that can form a stronger coalition to resist the aggressive actions of the former. From the Goldstein text, United States appears to be one of the countries with strongest GDP of up to 14,000. U.S. has been seen in so many occasions undertaking military interventions in war-torn regions with the purpose of maintaining peace. Its superiority is therefore not in question but it aggressiveness and interest in these interventions begs some stream of answers. With such strong economy and wealth, it can use its influence to advance selfish interests that it may harbor (Goldstein, Whitworth, and Pevehouse 475). This can be so aggressive to the extent of undermining the sovereignty of other territorial boundaries. It may become even more intolerant to other small economies that questions its advancements, or may identify viable resources in other territorial regions that it may want to benefit from. This aggressiveness may not be possible to counter if the other countries are so weak economically that they cannot form a coalition to deal with the aggressive country. In this case, three countries may form a coalition that may be able to stop counter the actions of the United States in case it decides to go aggressive and wreak havoc on other economies or countries since they cannot match its s0uperiority. Among the countries capable of countering such a wave include China; with GDP of 9,500, Japan with GDP of 4, 400 and Germany with GDP of 3000. When combined their coalition can wield a combined GDP of 16, 900 capable of toppling the might of U.S in case it goes intolerably aggressive. U.S has been known for its superiority in advancing the aims of maintaining the world’s stability though. However, its interest may surpass that of the common global good. The

Delchi Carrier, SpA v. Rotorex Corp Case Study Example | Topics and Well Written Essays - 500 words

Delchi Carrier, SpA v. Rotorex Corp - Case Study Example The lower court, through Judge Munson who replaced Judge Cholakis, granted Delchi's motion for partial summary judgment, holding Rotorex liable to Delchi for $1,248.331.81 as consequential damages mainly for the lost of profits. The lower court denied Delchi's claim for damages for incidental and inconsequential damages or out-of-pocket expenses. On appeal to the United States Court of Appeals (USCA), Rotorex argued that it did not breach the agreement, Delchi is not entitled to payment of lost profits, and the calculation of the number of lost sale is improper. Delchi, on the other hand, filed a cross-appeal to the USCA claiming that it is entitled to payment of the additional expenses it incurred because of the breach. Article 35 of the CISG, which is the applicable law in this case, provides that "the seller must deliver goods which are of quantity, quality and description required by the contract; the goods do not conform with the contract unless they possess the qualities of goods which the seller has held out to the buyer". The United States Court of Appeals affirmed the decision of the lower court holding Rotorex liable for breach of contract.

Energy Strategy of the European Union and its Impact on Oil and Gas Assignment

Energy Strategy of the European Union and its Impact on Oil and Gas Industry - Assignment Example Several energy-related policies and ambitious measures are being planned and executed by the member states of EU in this account.To make these plans work out quickly and efficiently, additional emphasis must be laid on issues like attaining greater energy efficiency, tapping alternate sources of energy, maximising the use of renewable energy, and making use of nuclear power (Tindale, 2014). However, when an additional emphasis is laid on these above issues, it can influence the functioning of the oil and gas industries. Furthermore, in this venture, preserving the environment is also very much indispensable and so focusing on carbon capture and storage (CCS) technology is also important (Tindale, 2014). So, this report will focus on the EU’s energy strategy and its impact on the oil and gas industries. Apart from the above-discussed political scenario, the need to come up with environment-friendly energy options has prompted EU to come up with energy efficiency policies from the start of the new millennium. That is, from the mid-2000s, EU has been setting targets for its member countries to improve its energy efficiency on short-term and importantly long-term basis. Long-term basis in the sense, at the end of 2006, the EU pledged to reduce its annual consumption of primary energy options of fossil fuels by 20% by 2020. On the same lines, the European Commission as a policy directive also framed the Energy Efficiency Directive (EED) for the EU, which establishes a general agenda for the promotion of energy efficiency within the member states. The main objective of the EED is to aid the EU’s member states to achieve a target of saving 20% of their energy consumption by 2020. According to the European Commission, the EU is on track to achieve a 20% reduction in 2020, 30% in 203 0, and importantly the long-term target 80% reduction in 2050 (Ea Energy Analyses, 2012). According to EU’s policies, the member states are stipulated to achieve energy efficiency in the above-depicted sectors including industries, transport, household, and importantly power or energy generation sector (European Commission, 2013). In the households, people are provided with individual metering scheme along with free of cost access to real-time energy consumption data which would help them in managing their energy consumption in a far better manner.

Compare and contrast the soldier and futility Essay Example for Free

Compare and contrast the soldier and futility Essay The Soldier and Futility are two poems which discuss war. Both poems were written during the war by Englishmen. Wilfred Owen and Rupert Brooke died in different stages of the war as a result of it. Both poems discuss death and hate in several ways. The two say that there is a lot of hate in war but they each see death for your country from a different perspective. In Futility Wilfred Owen says that war is a terrible thing because there are so many casualties. He also says that the cause of war is usually petty and that people dying for their country is awful. As well as this he says that it is better to live than die doing your duty. Wilfred Owen has a different view towards war because he lived through most of it. He was killed during the final year of the war, in 1918. Rupert Brooke, on the other hand, didnt live through much of the war. He died in the early stages of it, in 1915. He was twenty-eight years old. In his opinion war is necessary and one had a duty to fight for King/Queen and country. Rupert Brooke also thinks that people should be proud to fight for their country as we see in the words Dulce et decorum est, which is Latin for wonderful thing to die for your country. These words are found in another of Wilfred Owens poems though but it is used sarcastically. It is as if Wilfred Owen is laughing at the people getting gassed and dying like in his other poem The Last Laugh. The poem Futility shows the negatives of war such as people dying doing their duty. These people didnt want to go and fight, they were persuaded by their friends and fellow women. The women thought that a man wasnt attractive or whole unless he wore a soldiers uniform. This made the men feel terrible and that they would never find a partner unless they sign up. They were also persuaded by the government. They would sack people so that they had no choice but to join. The government also put propaganda posters up with children asking their father What did you do during the great war? Many people gave into this; they paid the consequences by being killed. The Soldier speaks of the positive things about war such as dying with friends or doing what they were born to do. It also says that this is an idyllic world and that they should always take the chance to fight for their King/Queen and country when it is given. The poem is a very patriotic one as it repeats English and England many times. This shows Rupert Brookes love for his country. This poem also has no sense of animosity or resentment towards war. The Soldier says that each person is unimportant but in Futility it says that every person is important. The style and structure of each poem is very different. Even though both poems are fourteen lines long and they both use euphemisms there are many differences. The Soldier is a sonnet and concentrates on England whereas Futility is not a sonnet and has more symbolism. There are rhetorical questions used in Futility and it is written in the third person. The Soldier, however, is in the first person and hasnt got any rhetorical questions. It is also written in Iambic Pentameter and is a Petrarchan or an Italian sonnet. Both poems are rhythmic and have rhymes in them. The Soldier has rhyming every second line whereas Futility has half rhymes every other. For example snow from line five and know from line seven. Both Futility and The Soldier have religious connotations and mention the sun. The sun has an immense amount of significance in the poems because it is the complete opposite to what the poems discuss. The sun has life-giving powers whereas both poems talk about death. Only Futility has personifications. These include Think how it wakes the seeds. This shows us how the sun has life-giving powers. Another example is Gently its touch awoke him once which also talks about the sun. These two give the sun attributes which it hasnt got. The Soldier talks about himself and how he would always be English even if he was buried in a foreign country. This is shown by the lines If I should die think only this of me; that theres some corner of a foreign field, that is forever England. This also shows that he is thankful for being English and he would put his life on the line for his country.

No Coward Soul Is Mine Analysis

No Coward Soul Is Mine Analysis Emily Brontes No Coward Soul Is Mine was written in order to reach out and touch faith so to speak. Death, faith, and passion were things that did not run scarce in Emily Brontes life and with that No Coward Soul Is Mine was inspired and written. Writing to cope with the pain of growing up, neglected and uneducated Bronte reaches out to God to fill her wounds and give her a life after life. Within No Coward Soul Is Mine, Bronte whole heartedly reveals her views on God through the poems theme, provides descriptions of her interpretation of God himself as a character, allows the reader to illustrate what she sees through nature, and also pulls the readers attention with her use of passionate and powerful words while setting the tone of the poem. In No Coward Soul Is Mine, the main purpose for Brontes use of first person is to express her thoughts, beliefs, and views on God and how other things relate back to him like faith and death (Fernà ¡ndez). Emilys beliefs are that God is everywhere and is the source of everything. She wants to show the world that God is her life and reason to live and does so in her own way. Her thoughts are brilliantly used in the form of nature, providing unique descriptions of nature to depict what God is like. Brontes beliefs are shared and expressed through her metaphoric use of faith throughout the poem, whether it is the breath she breathes, or her never ending love and adoration for God. Her view on God is moving and full of enthusiasm keeping the reader listening and wanting more of Brontes thoughts. In her very first line of the poem, where she states, No coward soul is mine (Bronte, p. 948), she wants to prove to everyone that she isnt a coward through God and never will be, and by making this quote the title enforces its importance to represent her as a strong and independent woman with the partnership of God. No Coward Soul Is Mine is also a very affectionate and emotional poem that Bronte allows the reader to feel and react to. Bronte allows the reader to effectively view her morals and values. The poem permits the reader to interact with and relate to where the author is coming from in an easy perspective. In addition, the poem represents a sense of reflection of Bronte herself and opens up her opinions and beliefs to the reader while also depicting her relationship with God. Her thoughts are obvious since the portrayed image of her character of God is very descriptive and personal, which is why it was written in the first-person. Brontes character of God is not a character at all but actually her faith and principles. In the first stanza she writes Heavens glories shine and Faith shines equal arming me from Fear (Bronte). In this line, she is saying that through God and faith she is fearless. Faith is the belief in something that cannot be seen, but in which one has complete trust (Fernà ¡ndez, 2000). In the second stanza, her character is strong and she states that anyone can possess him. Bronte is preaching about God and telling the audience what he can offer them and continues in the third and fourth stanza encouraging the audience to look away from evil and vain and to trust and give your faith to God. She continues on and compares her character to rocks and other objects in nature that symbolize someone that is strong not only physically, and emotionally, but also spiritually. She also makes references to the breath that we breathe and that gives us life although we cannot see it. Much like in The Pulle y by George Herbert, the character of God is so powerful and giving just at Bronte states. Herbert states that God gave us all of our blessings all of which are strength, wisdom, pleasure, beauty and honor. This poem also portrays a close relationship with the character of God (just as No Coward Soul Is Mine does), and also explains how man provides his respect for God through only Gods knowledge of eternal rest. Both poems give their character use of Gods recognition to the highest power and with nothing less than respect. Even though they cannot see him physically, they spiritually both reach out to him. His spirit is not dead, he is made one with nature, he is a presence (Pinion, 1975). Bronte is sure of two things: her faith and the certainty of Gods existence. Through nature, Bronte provides the reader with brilliant images of whom and what she sees as signs of a presence of God. No coward soul is mine, No trembler in the worlds storm-troubled sphere: I see Heavens glories shine, and faith shines equal, arming me from fear (Bronte, p. 948). Bronte Speaks clearly and gives the reader a chance to understand exactly what message she is portraying and providing clarity in her visual images. In this excerpt, she carefully paints the image of everlasting love and faith, also the afterlife. Her images are colorful and exciting and she uses large amounts of enthusiasm to express her feelings and expresses those by using powerful images of nature. By using physically powerful images throughout the poem to praise and worship God, she gives the audience a very clear and precise understanding on how God is portrayed through her eyes. As upbeat as most of the poem is, she also uses some degrading imagery, mostly towards those who live their lives in vain and continue to do so. Her strict intolerance is quickly expressed through her one simile in the poem which contains st rong use of vain. In moments of vision, religion can pierce the veil and become one with the universal and external spirit (Winnifrith Chitham, p. 59). Bronte also expresses how death is not to be feared and that even after you stop breathing your spirit and faith will live on somewhere. There is not room for Death, Nor atom that his might could render void: Thou -Thou art Being and Breath, And what Thou art may never be destroyed (Bronte, p. 948). She uses numerous things to associate God with and does so effectively and efficiently without confusing the reader. Even when speaking of death she does not disappoint the reader with a drop in tone; however, somewhere throughout the vivid images she does lose the rhyme of the poem although the tone seems to flow fine and smooth without it. The tone in No Coward Soul Is Mine is passionate, while the language is uplifting, emotional and even accusatory. Faith, death, and passion keep an even and overall happy tone throughout the poem. Using faith and passion to keep the reader content and open-minded, but also by using death to pull the reader back to reality, she balances the tone perfectly and does so without confusing the reader. The poem contains mostly metaphors with the exception of one simile which is referring to men. Worthless and withered weeds. Or idlest froth amid the boundless main (Bronte, p. 948). The use of the word as and the particular simile used here gives this phrase a nice tone, and also expresses Brontes contempt for the vain men (Elite Skills Classics). However, Brontes metaphors are not to be looked at individually but as a whole. Together they are characteristics of God and what he is through her eyes. Her religion is everything and without her faith she is nothing. Her commitment to her faith i s astounding and it is all based on her trust in God which she conveys in the overall tone by appearing to be so clam and care free throughout No Coward Soul Is Mine. Bronte uses these metaphors to exult God through the poem (Pinion, p. 201). She is not afraid of death because she knows that God will give her some kind of life after she is gone. She is not tolerant of those who take her God in vain or act in vain. She wishes to become a slave inseparable from her religious thoughts (Davies, p. 173). Overall the tone is conservative which is completely appropriate for Brontes religious and touching poem. Emily Brontes No Coward Soul Is Mine is a clear display of a strong faith and belief. Death, faith, and passion are what drive Bronte to continue to keep her faith in God and what he stands for. She is spiritual and expresses so within No Coward Soul Is Mine. Bronte whole heartedly reveals her views on God through the poems theme, provides descriptions of her interpretation of God himself as a character, allows the reader to illustrate what she sees, and also pulls the readers attention with her use of passionate and powerful words, while setting the tone of the poem.

Confidence in Organized Labor :: essays research papers

INTRODUCTION   Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  Statement of problem People have opinions and thoughts about many issues relating to the work force. They wonder what is the best occupation to get in, how much money they can make in certain fields, who the best employers might be. Some of the big concerns people have when thinking about employment is benefits. What can a company provide to the potential employee in terms of insurance, vacations, advancement, and all the extras associated with the perks of certain companies? At the time do these people wonder about the organizations that may have a say in those benefits they so covet. The labor unions Through my research I have found very little information that deals with confidence in organized labor. Most of the data that I have obtained is more closely related to unions in general than to the people who have confidence in them; and I will attempt to ascertain whether people have confidence in organized labor, not whether they approve or disapprove of labor unions. With the little information that I was able to obtain in this quest, I suggest that this research would be beneficial to sociology by presenting more information on the topic of confidence in organized labor and giving sociologists a platform from which to proceed with further research in this area.   Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  Objectives One objective of this paper is to determine whether there is confidence in organized labor. Another objective is to ascertain whether there is an association between certain independent variables relating to the level of confidence in organized labor. LITERATURE REVIEW   Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚   The topic of confidence in organized labor is an expansive subject which can be studied from the perspectives of many different variables. What I want to know is what others have written about confidence in organized labor, how the different variables of my research react to unions, whether there are any reasons they feel this way, what the unions are doing to gain confidence, and whom they are likely to target for membership. I have read that education may affect the way people feel toward unions (Sares, 1991). Meikasins and Smith’s (1993) article about how professionals are not as unionized as their industrious counterparts tend to show an association about income and confidence. (Most professionals earn more than industry workers.) One of the areas of my research is race (Wilson, 1989): does this variable have any association with confidence in organized labor? Another focus of in my research is whether sex can attribute to one’s view on labor unions (Sares).

Free College Essays - Sleep in Shakespeares Sonnet XXVII :: free essay writer

Motif of Sleep in Shakespeare's Sonnet XXVII    In William Shakespeare’s â€Å"Sonnet 27†, a motif that can be followed throughout the poem is that of sleep and weariness. This motif is used to reinforce the theme of the entire sonnet: that the speaker cannot sleep due to thoughts of his lover. The speaker’s diction supports the theme of work and toil. Words like â€Å"zealous†, â€Å"drooping†, â€Å"repose†, â€Å"haste†, and â€Å"expired† illustrate the weariness that the speaker is feeling, and help to give significance to the fact that he can not sleep. Although the speaker is so very tired, â€Å"... my thoughts, from far where I abide, intend a zealous pilgrimage to thee ...,† when the speaker describes the thought of his lover as one that â€Å"Makes black night beauteous and her old face new,† the reader knows that the weariness of the speaker is not aggravated by these thoughts, they are positive. â€Å".. . By day my limbs, by night my mind, for thee and for myself no quiet find.† This line is a summation of the problems faced by the speaker. From working hard all day long to only be faced with thoughts of his lover at night is torturous, and the reader can’t help but get a feeling that the speaker is obsessed. This sonnet is so unique due to the fact that it is a simple love poem made so subtle due to a lack of mention of the actual lover. The words â€Å"thee† and â€Å"thy† appear only three times in the poem. Shakespeare has once again captured a feeling so overused in poems and stories in a fresh and original way that wins over audiences to this day. Sonnet XXVII 1.....Weary with toil, I haste me to my bed, 2.....The dear repose for limbs with travel tired; 3.....But then begins a journey in my head, 4.....To work my mind, when body's work's expired:

Stonehenge :: essays research papers

Stonehenge   Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  On the British Isles more than nine hundred stone rings exist. Most people prefer to call them rings rather than circles for the reason that only two percent of them are true circles. The other ninety eight percent of these structures are constructed in an elliptical shape. Stonehenge in itself is roughly circular. Most of these rings cannot be dated exactly, but it is known that they are from the Neolithic period.   Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  In southern England the Neolithic period begins around the time of the first farming communities in 4000 B.C. to the time of the development of bronze technology around 2000 B.C., by that time the construction of major monuments was mostly over. Because of the scarcity of the archaeological record at the stone rings, any attempts to explain the functions of the structures are guesses. Most attempts tend to reflect the cultural relatedness of their times. Most people believe that these rings were constructed by a group of people called Druids.   Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  This idea of Stonehenge being constructed by Druids has become deeply implanted in the uneducated minds of popular culture from tie seventeenth century to the present. It is common knowledge that the druids had nothing to do with these rings. The Druids flourished after about 300 B.C., more than 1500 years after the last stone rings were constructed. Even more, there is no evidence that suggests that the Druids even used these stone rings for ritual purposes. Any Druidic connection with the stone rings is purely hypothetical.   Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  During the nineteenth and early twentieth century, prehistorians attributed Stonehenge and other stone rings to Egyptian and Mycenean travelers who were thought to have infused Europe and Bronze age culture. With the development of carbon 14 dating methods, the infusion-diffusion of British Neolithic history was abandoned and the megalithic monuments of Britain were shown to predate those in most other countries. While the carbon 14 method provided approximate dates for the stone rings it was no use explaining their function. Research by scholars outside the discipline of archaeology suggested a use different to that of rituals.   Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  In the 1950s and 1960s, the Oxford University engineer Alexander Thom and the astronomer Gerald Hawkins pioneered the new field of archaeoastronomy-the study of the astronomies of ancient civilizations. Conducting precise surveys at various stone rings and other megalithic structures, Thom and Hawkins discovered many significant astronomical alignments among the stones. This evidence suggested that the stone rings were used as astronomical observatories. Moreover, the archaeoastronomers revealed the extraordinary mathematical sophistication and engineering abilities that the native British developed before either Egyptian or Mesopotamian cultures.

FIN 571 Entire Course / FIN 571 Complete Course Essay

FIN 571 Entire Course / FIN 571 Complete Course http://homeworktimes.com/downloads/fin-571-entire-course-fin-571-complete-course/ For More Tutorial Visit: http://homeworktimes.com For any Information Email Us: Uopguides@gmail.com FIN 571 Week 1 DQ 1 FIN 571 Week 1 DQ 2 FIN 571 Week 1 Individual Guillermo Furniture FIN 571 Week 2 DQ 1 FIN 571 Week 2 DQ 2 FIN 571 Week 2 Individual Text Problem Sets FIN 571 Week 3 DQ 1 FIN 571 Week 3 DQ 2 FIN 571 Week 3 Learning Team Lawrence Sports Simulation FIN 571 Week 4 DQ 1 FIN 571 Week 4 DQ 2 FIN 571 Week 4 Individual Guillermo Furniture Store Analysis FIN 571 Week 5 DQ 1 FIN 571 Week 5 DQ 2 FIN 571 Week 5 Individual Text Problem Sets FIN 571 Entire Course / FIN 571 Complete Course http://homeworktimes.com/downloads/fin-571-entire-course-fin-571-complete-course/ For More Tutorial Visit: http://homeworktimes.com For any Information Email Us: Uopguides@gmail.com FIN 571 Week 1 DQ 1 FIN 571 Week 1 DQ 2 FIN 571 Week 1 Individual Guillermo Furniture FIN 571 Week 2 DQ 1 FIN 571 Week 2 DQ 2 FIN 571 Week 2 Individual Text Problem Sets FIN 571 Week 3 DQ 1 FIN 571 Week 3 DQ 2 FIN 571 Week 3 Learning Team Lawrence Sports Simulation FIN 571 Week 4 DQ 1 FIN 571 Week 4 DQ 2 FIN 571 Week 4 Individual Guillermo Furniture Store Analysis FIN 571 Week 5 DQ 1 FIN 571 Week 5 DQ 2 FIN 571 Week 5 Individual Text Problem Sets FIN 571 Entire Course / FIN 571 Complete Course http://homeworktimes.com/downloads/fin-571-entire-course-fin-571-complete-course/ For More Tutorial Visit: http://homeworktimes.com For any Information Email Us: Uopguides@gmail.com FIN 571 Week 1 DQ 1 FIN 571 Week 1 DQ 2 FIN 571 Week 1 Individual Guillermo Furniture FIN 571 Week 2 DQ 1 FIN 571 Week 2 DQ 2 FIN 571 Week 2 Individual Text Problem Sets FIN 571 Week 3 DQ 1 FIN 571 Week 3 DQ 2 FIN 571 Week 3 Learning Team Lawrence Sports Simulation FIN 571 Week 4 DQ 1 FIN 571 Week 4 DQ 2 FIN 571 Week 4 Individual Guillermo Furniture Store Analysis FIN 571 Week 5 DQ 1 FIN 571 Week 5 DQ 2 FIN 571 Week 5 Individual Text Problem Sets

Body Mass Index Essay

Body Mass index is a formula that determines the mass of body fat a person has. This formula is used to determine your weight proportion compared to your height if you’re on target, overweight or obese. Today we will use the formula by plugging in my own personal information and determining if I am over weight, on target or obese. To start I plug in the formula BMI=703w/h2. W = weight, H = height. I am 5foot 5 so in the formula my height will be 5.5. After plugging in my info, I multiply 5.5 squared times 5.5 giving me the answer 30.25. I then divide 703W by 30.25 H. This then gives me the answer 23.24. Making W 23.24. Which is Equivalent to not being overweight. 703w/5.5(2) 703w/30.25 23.24w According to the chart my inequality fits in between the Compound inequality equation 23 < BMI < 25 which says I’m probably not overweight.   I don’t agree with this formula for I know for a fact that according to my height I am severely obese. However according to this formula I am probably not over weight. In addition to this the formula only uses your height and weight, it does not determine you fat mass or your muscle build. From going to the gym I’ve Learned that muscle weighs a lot more then fat. Which means that with this formula someone in perfect shape can be assumed to be obese: when in fact there in shape. The solutions chart that says whether you’re obese, overweight, or perfectly fit is giving in Intervals. The chart gives you a range of numbers from low to high. You determine where your body mass determines by the number of intervals you land on or in between. None of these numbers are to Infinity. The ranges have a start date and end date. In conclusion after plugging in the necessary figures and using the Body Mass Index formula it was determined that this formula gives inaccurate  results. For according to my doctor I am severally over weight and this formula has me sounding like a super model.

Outline the case for Votes at 16

In Modern time we have seen the voting system become fairer and simpler in order to incorporate all members of society. From giving Women the right to vote many citizens have believed that the voting age should in fact be lowered from the current standard EU Law of 18, to the minor age of 16. The idea of this vote has been popular among citizens however it seems to be less popular among the older generations. Firstly if young people were given the opportunity to vote then it would allow them to engage more within their society. So in theory if more teenagers feel that they are part of the community then we could expect to see a drastic fall in national crime rates for this age bracket. It makes sense for young people to develop a political opinion whilst they are young and it would ensure that the vote represents a wider society therefore making the political system fairer. At the age of 16 many young people have completed their education and therefore it would make sense for them to be allowed to vote. By the age of 16 they would have been able to form options and does Article 21 of the UN Human Rights list state that every citizen (regardless of age) has the right for their voice to be heard and for action to be taken accordingly. By the age of 16 young people can enrol themselves to serve HM Armed Forces. Therefore if a 16 year old can serve their country, be offering their life then why are they not allowed to vote? Stopping 16 year olds from voting could be classified as discrimination, for a particular group of society are being shunned away due to personal characteristics. Currently a 16 year old can be tried in an Adult Court of Law and sentenced to terms in Adult Prisons. This seems unfair if teenagers do not have the right or ability to question acts of law, in means of voting in a general election. The voice of young people is being shunned away. At the age of 16 the law provides teenagers with the right to leave school and move away from home. These abilities are far more serious than voting due to the fact that the will have huge effects on the person’s later life. I believe that society has rejected the idea of students voting due to the fact that they are being stereotypical. In my opinion society look upon teenagers as outcast thugs whom destroy society. As we begin a chapter in modern politics it is time that we leave these views behind and accept that in fact a huge majority of 16 year olds are in fact strong and educated members of society. Many students at the age of 16 will begin a new chapter into adulthood consequently these students will go out into the world of work. Despite not being able to vote the students will still have to pay taxes! This seems unjust when you consider that they do not have the ability to vote for what they believe to be the fairer tax policy. Young people are the future of this country and therefore they should have the ability to input what they want they would like their society to be like within the future. If a student was to vote at the age of 16 then by the age of 20 a government would have already have shaped their future. I believe that a 16 year old has a stronger right to vote over perhaps a 70 year old for they are the future of tomorrow. It is amazing that despite years of education and a number of new rights 16 year olds can not vote in an election, these seems unjust considering that they are subject to the laws that Parliament makes and they would be subject to paying tax if they were to work. The exclusion of 16 year olds from the ballot boxes is discrimination and a deprivation of a basic international human right.

Terra Gatson Essay

They similar because they tend have we as people questioning and have also different perceptions about the world we live in. Hey both were misled as to what the world we live in is and how it operates as a whole. There are also other topics as well that can be pointed to show exactly what else can be depicted about the comparison between them. The Matrix is Greek philosophy which is very interesting to a lot of people. The definition behind is the idea of freeing one's soul or mind as even presented in the Allegory of Cave is a well-known idea attached to Greek philosophy.The difference between them is that The Matrix and The Plat's tend to have reasons that justify and reasons as to why they tend to do what they do. It is something that they come up to make whatever wrong they are doing to give a good reasons as to why they are doing it. Seems like a wrong thing to do, but looking at my life I have ran into a lot of people that make up excuses to cover their behinds so others will be believers of their wrongs. A wrong is a wrong and a right is a right not the other way around.The bible is a great source to find out the truth to a lot so if you want to know if something is true pick up a bible to retrieve some of your information so you will have a better understanding. At the end of the Matrix we were left with a piece to my understanding that had me thinking we were living in a computer based world but looked passed it, but it sometimes have me thinking. The Matrix is really based on Descartes which is about the human race being deceived in many different ways.Many scientist research a lot to prove that we are not living in this or that but it is left to only one person to determine what our lives are and that is the man up above. I have my doubts about a lot but I know God is the reason for everything but would have to say were are not computer based which is my opinion and I'm sticking to it. The world that we are living in today is a test of our faith but the devil will not take the faith that I have in my awesome God because I know it is him who has watched over me for 21 years ND I love him for that.I WOUld have to say for me that the in question three that I don't like either but if I had to decide would say Ignorance is bliss because it's something I tend to say a lot. I don't want to dwell on that topic because the most important one is question and I think it was covered well. The three synopsis were good but its nothing like watching the actual movie to get every fine detail as to why this happened and how it actually occurred, but the synopsis was great to go by because I'm sure everyone doesn't have time to look at three movies in a week.

Business Report Essay Example | Topics and Well Written Essays - 500 words - 1

Business Report - Essay Example Faster or afterwards all society regardless of culture, language or nationality arrives at the final stage of political and social development. This implies the entire society will be unified to co-exist with harmony, though prior to this they ought to undergo fierce engagement in terms good and evil, which aligns with premises put forth by Karl Marx and Chinese whom they proved through applying them in their lives. Second met account contends societies emerge in terms of following a linear progression to result to a singular end. Societies irrespective of culture or creed ought to progress from original structures whereby respective groups comprise the basic units towards modernized societies, hence prompting atomized people turning sovereign units. Consequently, all these are assumed to be cogent besides their intentions being to vote with the objective coming up with concrete decisions. Due to their rationality once they vote, end up ensuring sound governance besides harmony in their full existence. Eventually, electoral democracies will be the only political system for all countries and people with a free market to make them all rich. Those who endorse democracy with the mission of spreading it all around the world are as good and evil for those who do not hold elections. The effects of socialism in China as by the met narrative is that there was wide spread poverty in the country even in the period where Li was growing up. China was a struggling poor agricultural economy and businesses were doing fairly badly. The people were so poor and his family lived on food stamps and rationed portions of meat. The effects of electoral democracy often accompanied by capitalism are dismal performance of elected governments and civil strife especially in developing countries. China’s organizational system serves as a model for Human Resource Management and development as it is unbiased and efficient. It has divisions into state owned

Summer Camp Vacation Essay Example | Topics and Well Written Essays - 1000 words

Summer Camp Vacation - Essay Example But when it comes to children living in foster care, having no real families to bond with they feel isolated and ignored. Therefore, we have programmed a three months free summer vacations camp for 50 children, to support foster parents who cannot afford to plan such involving activities for their adopted children that aim to keep them connected, busy and thus happy, by the help of our volunteer sponsors. Imagine that one day a stranger come and drag you out of your own home, separating you from your family, your room, your pets and your belongings, throw you into the car’s back seat and drives you to some strange place. Now it’s not been more than a day and you are again taken by another stranger to another new place†¦and you are only 5 years old!!! The foster care society helps such disturbed and misplaced children to accept, adjust and feel comfortable by giving them yet not another â€Å"stranger† to add into their lives but a â€Å"family† to bind with, parents to love and siblings to relate to. It also provides the support to the foster parents to â€Å"own† these kids and not only â€Å"adopt† them. We have been working since many years to provide such kids not only a shelter but a place that they call â€Å"home†. Our majority finances are provided by the government under its donations policy and from generous people like you who are ready to provide little comfort and contribute a small smile in the lives of others. You have a chance to be that special someone who could make a little change to the lives of these innocent souls. You could be that magic which brings smiles to their face, contribute a little towards giving them a better life and ultimately to give this society civilized individuals, the society that you, we and our children lives in! Let’s make this society a better place for our coming generations to live and let’s join hands in this noble mission and be a light of hope for them. Let’s make them better humans and not

Maritime Logistics at Hitachi Transport System Company Essay

Maritime Logistics at Hitachi Transport System Company - Essay Example According to the paper supply chain management encompasses bringing together business operations through coordinated activities to ensure that there is flow of input from supplies to manufacturers till goods and services reaches to the final consumer. Therefore, this assessment focuses on providing a sharp insight on the principles of third party logistics, advantages and disadvantages of third party logistics and suggested improvement that could be implemented at Hitachi Company(selected company for assessment) to make maritime logistics more effective and efficient. From this paper it is clear tha in above connection, logistic providers have realized that information technology is a key to success. Therefore, logistic leaders and information technology executive are anticipated to implement the following six principles. The principle of automation to increase business profitability, the principle of leverage technology, the principle of configured solutions, the principle of collab oration with all stakeholders, the principle of measures for improvement and the principle of delivering truth version. The principle of automation entails implementing computerized systems that can perform complex task and allow employees to focus on customer. The principle of leverage technology focuses at preventing time wastage and speed up time to the market.

WEB SITE RESEARCH PROJECT (US History) Paper Example | Topics and Well Written Essays - 500 words

WEB SITE PROJECT (US History) - Research Paper Example An influential American artist during that time was Jackson Pollock. It was in the middle of the 1940s when Pollock introduced his drip method which immediately attracted the attention of the American public since it was unconventional. The drip method defied the conventional use of the easel for painting, instead, stick and stiff brushes were used by Pollock. The drip method of painting can be considered as the origin of action painting which is popularly held annually is public museums. Moreover, Pollock painted on the floor, not in the traditional upright position. Again, he was making a statement, trying to defy the traditional method practiced during his time. It can also be inferred from the presentation that Pollack achieved cult status since he was credited for changing the face of art through American methods. The website chosen is an article about Jackson Pollock. This article was chosen over other websites since it portrays and analyzes not only the works of the man but the man himself too.The article titled â€Å" Last Dance† is an art review of the works done by Pollock throughout his career. It was titled â€Å"Last Dance† since the critic sees Pollock as a graceful dancer when executing his paintings. As Haber claims â€Å"He laid it on with care, in dabs of black and skeins of intense color. He let it run off as he circled a canvas, as if it flowed from the motion of his body† ( paragraph 1 ). This article highlights Pollock’s genius in combining murals and drama as expressed by the use of Cubism, similar to that of Mexican muralists. After criticizing Pollock’s self-portrait, the critic then narrates the interesting and exciting journeys of Pollock into his life as an artist. The critic considers Pollock a rebel in expressing Abstract Art through his ( Pollock’s) extensive use of drippings that seem to be random but would converge later and produce a work of Art. In fact Haber’s critic

The Aleph Essay Example | Topics and Well Written Essays - 750 words

The Aleph - Essay Example Driven by a rather natural desire to be close to her place and relatives, he lives near her house to have someone to share his trouble with. At that time he gets acquainted with the dead woman’s brother, Carlos Argentino Daneri. The attitude of Borges’ attitude towards him is rather interesting. He is a poet, but a protagonist treats him and his gift with irony considering him to be a plain layman. Daneri is writing a very long epic poem about all the places on the Earth as if he visited them himself. He is dreaming about winning a prize and become famous. This desire irritates Borges. One day Carlos calls Borges’ number asking for help. He appeared in a trouble as his house has to be destroyed by some business. However, Daneri worries not because he loves the place he lives in. He discloses his secret he was hiding for long: there is an Aleph in one of the rooms of his house, and he simply can’t lose him, because he needs him to finish his great poem: â⠂¬Å"Yes, the only place on earth where all places are — seen from every angle, each standing clear, without any confusion or blending. I kept the discovery to myself and went back every chance I got. As a child, I did not foresee that this privilege was granted me so that later I could write the poem. Zunino and Zungri will not strip me of what’s mine — no, and a thousand times no! Legal code in hand, Doctor Zunni will prove that my Aleph is inalienable† (Borges). Borges does not like Daneri and can’t believe him, but he still comes to see the Aleph. Actually, he does not trust the poet thinking that the wants to kill him, thus behaves very carefully. â€Å"The full knowledge of a fact sometimes enables you to see all at once many supporting but previously unsuspected things. It amazed me not to have suspected until that moment that Carlos Argentino was a madman† (Borges). Having come to his

Management as a Regulated Profession Essay Example | Topics and Well Written Essays - 3500 words

Management as a Regulated Profession - Essay Example The introduction of strict legislative texts, like the Sarbanes-Oxley Act in the USA, has been proved to be an initial measure for the limitation of fraud in modern organizations (Heier et al., 2005, p.39). In the internal organizational environment, the ability of a firm to prevent fraud is depended on the level of cooperation/ coordination among employees at different levels of the organizational hierarchy. Under these terms, the human resources systems used within a specific organization are considered to be crucial for the success of the organizational initiatives against fraud. It should be noted that the effects of internal fraud on business performance can be differentiated in accordance with the nature of business operations, the business structure and the aims/ objectives of each organization; different assumptions are made in the literature regarding the effects of internal fraud on organizational performance; different plans of action can be suggested for mitigating fraud in firms that operate in various industrial sectors. Greenlee et al. (2007) focus on the relationship between the internal fraud and the type of organizational structure – the emphasis is given on non-profit organizations where ‘the losses due to fraudulent activities can directly reduce resources available to address tax-exempt purposes’ (Greenlee eta, 2007, 676). On the other hand, Levi (2008) notes that the expansion of global crime has been rapid due to the increased ability of ‘would-be perpetrators to recognize and act on specific opportunities’ (Levi, 2008, p.389). From another point of view, the external organizational environment is likely to affect a firm’s ability to control crime – the specific view is supported by Tilley et al. (2008) who emphasize on the difficulty to control crime in organizations that operate in ‘high crime neighbourhoods’ (Tilley et al., 2008, 443).  

Five Forces Anaysis Of Dell Inc Essay Example | Topics and Well Written Essays - 2500 words - 1

Five Forces Anaysis Of Dell Inc - Essay Example This research paper presents five forces analysis of Dell Inc to analyze major factors and competitive elements and to assess how successful and effective is the company. The five force analysis, introduced by Michael Porter, can be used as a tool to measure the competitive rivalry and to assess whether the company has achieved sustainable competitive advantages or not. The five force Model The modern economy and international business environments have recently been largely influenced by various critical factors including globalization, fierce competition and advanced technology etc and therefore, as Michael Porter argued, business strategy equates to how a firm competes with other firms in the industry. According to his findings, strategy is not just a series of models and methods at corporate level, but rather it includes analyzing potential entrants, suppliers, buyers, substitutes and competitors (Stahl and Grigsby, 1997, p. 145). The five forces model has widely been applied as an important functional area of management and business academics. Almost all managers and large companies depend on porter’s five force analysis to find their marketing strengths and competitive advantages. Harvard professor Michael E. Porter has developed Five Force model in 1980s to help companies identify what specific forces determine the profits in an industry. Any particular firm in an industry faces various forces within the industry affecting the profitability significantly. Some of such determining factors are competitive rivalry, potential entrants, threat of substitutes, bargaining power of buyers as well as suppliers. If a business is able to understand and analyze all these factors, then it would also be able to develop a business-level strategy to allow business either to take advantage or protect the business from these forces (Ahlstrom and Bruton, 2009, p. 131). Porter argued that each of the five forces determines how the firm would be able to perform in its marketing landscape. The stronger each of these forces is, the more limited is the ability of well-established companies to increase prices and earn greater amounts of profits. Competition rivalry, substitutes, pot ential entrants, power of suppliers and buyers thus directly impact the profitability as well as effective and smooth functioning of the business (Hill and Jones, 2007, p. 45). The five factors can greatly influence various aspects of the strategies of a company. for instance, if consumers of the company have considerable bargaining power, it will largely impact the business strategy of that company. Similarly, if more number of suppliers are available and there is increased possibility of getting better supplies for comparatively cheaper amounts, the company will be more likely to achieve relatively better competitive advantage as well (Kurtz, MacKenzie and Snow, 2009, p. 57). Competitive rivalry is one of the five forces and is influenced by the other four forces. A company that operates in a market where there are larger numbers of substitutes, more powerful buyers and suppliers and there are chances for new entrants faces relatively more severe competition. A company would be ab le to flourish if it is able to fence off new entrants and substitutes. Dell Inc: Company Profile For several

The division of labour Essay Example for Free

The division of labour Essay But with five men specializing in their respective trades, they are not only able to provide sufficient pins for themselves, but also a surplus is generated from the mass production of the pin. As a result, manufacturers are able to keep up with the demands of a populated society. The division of labour clearly serves as an advantage to the economy. Smith reasons that the division of labour originates from mans tendency to barter (317). Smiths saying, Give me that which I want, and you shall have this which you want (318), accurately expresses mans method of attaining his needs. Man trades in self-interest but depends on others co-operation and assistance (318) to do so. The more man trades, the more wealth he acquires. Since the division on labour allows man to produce large amounts of surplus, he has the advantage to trade his surplus for a wealth of personal items. For example, a farmer who cultivates an excess amount of apples trades part of the surplus to a baker who in turn, provides the farmer with fresh bread. He also trades a large amount of the surplus to a grocer who pays him back with a large sum of money. The farmer becomes wealthy. The quantities produced through the division of labour multiply exponentially. According to Karl Marx, the division of labour occurs between the bourgeois and the proletarian. The bourgeois are a wealthy, dominant class interested in the trade of markets. European colonization during the Middle Ages allowed new markets (like Chinas gunpowder market or East Indias salt market) for the bourgeois to trade with. In Europe, the dominance of the Modern Industry caused the demands of the population ever rising (449). Consequently, the markets kept ever growing (449). The bourgeois, experienced in international trade, were able to handle the growing European economy. Wealthy from their international trades, the bourgeois set up giant factories using proletarians, low class workers, for the manual labour of the production of goods. The large amount of accumulated labour allowed the bourgeois to keep up with the populations growing demand. The influence of the modern industry forces the proletarians to work with machinery, [obliterating] all distinctions of labour, and nearly everywhere reduces the wages to the same low level (454). To the bourgeois, the poor labourers who must sell themselves piece-meal, are a commodity (452). Due to the low wages paid by the bourgeois, the proletarians can only support their existence. Neither luxuries nor freedom are affordable. For example, culture-a luxury-is a proletarians loss which he laments (459). Without it, these labourers without option are forced to act as a machine (459). While the bourgeois have independence because of their wealth, the poor proletarians are dependent and [have] no individuality (458). With their freedom denied by the bourgeois, the proletarians congregate nation-wide into a Trade Union to revolt against the selfish bourgeois-The abolition of bourgeois individuality, bourgeois independence, and bourgeois freedom is undoubtedly aimed at (458). The bourgeois, threatened by the proletarians, have no choice but to grant them better living conditions. From the division of labour between the proletarians and the bourgeois, various characteristics of human nature are illustrated. A main characteristic is the dependence which humans have for one another, no matter their societal status. In Communist Manifesto, we witness the bourgeois depend on the proletarians. The proletarians in turn depend on the bourgeois for a source of income. Another characteristic is the greed shown by the bourgeois. In an attempt to accumulate as much wealth as possible, the bourgeois pay the proletarians a smaller amount of what they deserve. The bourgeois care only for the proletarians existence because they provide the bourgeois with wealth. Humans also need freedom to live. The consequences of denying freedom are dangerous, as witnessed with the proletarians-they destroy imported wares that compete with their labour, the smash to pieces machinery, they set factories ablaze until they restore by force the vanished status of the workman of the Middle Ages (453). Dependence, greed, and freedom are characteristics of human nature. If these characteristics are manipulated or ignored, destructive events could occur, as described by Marx in Communist Manifesto. The men, in search of an effective ideology, present their different views on human nature. Human nature is the basis upon which the men reason the causes of the division of labour. Since their perspectives are not identical, their reasons of the causes of the division of labour also are not identical. Rousseau sees human nature as progressive. From basic instincts come the ability to reason, and from reason comes the division of society. The inequality in the division then leads to the slow corruption of the society. Smith, on the other hand, sees the division of labour as an advantage to the economy because it stems from an innate tendency to trade. Marx sees the presence of the division of labour due to the innate vices that plague society. Out of greed, the bourgeois gain from the poor proletarians whom they depend on. But the proletarians retaliate and regain their essential freedom. While the men fail to seek a suitable ideology that gladly accommodates the vices of human nature, we witness the true power of its vices as it persists to plague man. Work Cited Cohen, Mitchell and Nicole Fermon, ed. Princeton Readings in Political Thought. Princeton, New Jersey: Princeton University Press, 1996.

Effects of UK Insurance Industry to the Economy Essay Example for Free

Effects of UK Insurance Industry to the Economy Essay The UK insurance industry is the fourth largest in the world. It comes after USA, Japan and Germany and is definitely a major contributor to the economy. The number of people employed in the insurance industry of UK is increasing day by day. The Insurance industry contributes to the economy by providing businesses and individuals risk management. There are many services this industry provides. It ranges from automobile insurance to life and health insurance. Pension and savings are yet other forms of insurance available. Almost 332,000 people are employed in this industry (Association of British Insurers, 3, 2007). Insurance is another name for risk management. Insurance helps individuals and businesses to avoid financial or other loss. We can say it acts as a hedge against unavoidable or avoidable losses. This risk of loss is then transferred to some other entity, usually the insurance company. In exchange the business or individual seeking risk management gets a premium. The company that provides this risk management or insurance is the Insurer (Mehr et la, 13-45, n. d. ). Almost one third of people working in the entire financial market of UK are employed in the insurance industry. This number is twice the number of people in the car manufacturing companies and almost thrice the number employed in the utility industry. The UK insurance industry is one of the biggest in Europe. This industry gave a record of ? 174bn premium income in the 1990s. Though in the early years of 1990s, due to economic recession the insurance industry was not doing that good, but in the second half this industry started to grow and has been giving large numbers of premium profits since then (IFSL, n. p, 2001). In 17th century trading was in its primitive stages. Industrialization was a new phenomenon. Insurance was one element that fostered the growth of these and hence helped the economy prosper. Due to insurance, businesses were able to take risks and expand themselves. In 1688, GDP of England was approximately ? 6 billion (Lindert Willamson, n. p. 1982). After 1688 to 1759, there was not much growth in the national income. Till 1800 the growth was only 1% per year. At this rate our national income should be about ? 66 billion. However, this is not the case. Today our GDP is more or less ? 1000 billion. The main help in growth of economy came from insurance. Without insurance industry, our nation would have been living in a less prosperous way. Though all of this development is not due to insurance alone but it was the driving force that pushed the economy towards this prosperity. Today, insurance has a very vital role. According to an economist: â€Å"The non-existence of markets for the bearing of some risks in the first instance reduces welfare for those who wish to transfer those risks to others for a certain price, as well as for those who would find it profitable to take on the risk at such prices. But it also reduces the desire to render or consume services which have risk consequences† (Arrow, 945 946, 1963). Insurance is important because it has the ability to transfer risk. This control of risk helps businesses to keep moving forward. Insurance might not be important to people who are indifferent to risks. Such societies might have other forms of risk transfer protocols i. e. family. Hence we can say that in order to find out how much an economy will benefit from insurance, depends upon the culture of that place. In 1990, a study was done by Outreville. He took almost 45 developing countries and found out the relationship between insurance and national income. According to him there is a non-linear relationship between insurance premium and GDP. He also specified that the relation ship might not be that clear but it certainly is a positive one. In the light of his research we can conclude that if the insurance industry generates more premiums then the country might have more income (Outreville, n. p, 1990). Another study was done in 2000 by Ward and Zurbruegg. According to them insurance definitely helps in prosperity of the economy (Ward Zurbruegg, 489-507, 2000). It is also believed that if government tries to take position of the insurance industry it can lead to increase in levels of risks. In 2003, Priest did a research and found out that if the government has a safety net this can also lead to more risks. This safety net is actually savings and loans deposits which are there for the disabled. However, more savings might lead to more claims (Priest, 71-80, 2003). There have been quite some changes in the UK’s insurance industry in the past decade. Many major companies have undergone big changes. Commercial Union and General Accident are now called GCNU. They have merged to form a new bigger company. UK’s London market is also different in its own sense. It contains almost twenty large international insurance and reinsurance companies. It is the centre of world’s insurances. Businesses from all over the world get insured here. Two of its largest insurers, Lloyd’s and the International Underwriting Association of London (IUA), also provide various services (Joe, n. p, 1998).

Ryman Is Famous For Customer Service Marketing Essay

Ryman Is Famous For Customer Service Marketing Essay Introduction Ryman is famous for customer service. Everyone who works at the 237 Ryman stores nationwide aims to deliver the best possible customer experience to everyone who visits the specialist stationery stores.   This is achieved through a number of routes, including the companys investment in training so that people in the stores have an in-depth knowledge of their product range. Employees feel valued by the organization that encourages them to come up with bright ideas that are then shared within the business.   As well as being the nations high street stationery specialist, many Ryman stores offer additional services to customers. For example, many stores have a photocopier machine for customers to use and all stores provide printed stationery.   Other services range from document binding, a fax service, a photo booth, laminating, and a bulk copying service. Some stores usually based in the larger cities have a Copy Shop where all these services are offered. There are four Ryman stores that also have a Post Office. Industrial Plan Industry analysis is a tool that facilitates a companys understanding of its position relative to other companies that produce similar products or services. Understanding the forces at work in the overall industry is an important component of effective strategic planning. Industry analysis enables small business owners to identify the threats and opportunities facing their businesses, and to focus their resources on developing unique capabilities that could lead to a competitive advantage. Many small business owners and executives consider themselves at worst victims, and at best observers of what goes on in their industry. They sometimes fail to perceive that understanding your industry directly impacts your ability to succeed. Understanding your industry and anticipating its future trends and directions gives you the knowledge you need to react and control your portion of that industry, Kenneth J. Cook wrote in his book The AMA Complete Guide to Strategic Planning for Small Business.However, your analysis of this is significant only in a relative sense. Since both you and your competitors are in the same industry, the key is in finding the differing abilities between you and the competition in dealing with the industry forces that impact you. If you can identify abilities you have that are superior to competitors, you can use that ability to establish a competitive advantage. http://www.enotes.com/small-business-encyclopedia/industry-analysis An industry analysis consists of three major elements: the underlying forces at work in the industry; the overall attractiveness of the industry; and the critical factors that determine a companys success within the industry. The premier model for analyzing the structure of industries was developed by Michael E. Porter in his classic 1980 book Competitive Strategy: Techniques for Analyzing Industries and Competitors. Porters model shows that rivalry among firms in industry depends upon five forces: the potential for new competitors to enter the market; the bargaining power of buyers and suppliers; the availability of substitute goods; and the competitors and nature of competition. These factors are outlined below. INDUSTRY FORCES The first step in performing an industry analysis is to assess the impact of Porters five forces. The collective strength of these forces determines the ultimate profit potential in the industry, where profit potential is measured in terms of long term return on invested capital, Porter stated. The goal of competitive strategy for a business unit in an industry is to find a position in the industry where the company can best defend itself against these competitive forces or can influence them in its favor. Understanding the underlying forces determining the structure of the industry can highlight the strengths and weaknesses of a small business, show where strategic changes can make the greatest difference, and illuminate areas where industry trends may turn into opportunities or threats. http://www.enotes.com/small-business-encyclopedia/industry-analysis EASE OF ENTRY Ease of entry refers to how easy or difficult it is for a new firm to begin competing in the industry. The ease of entry into an industry is important because it determines the likelihood that a company will face new competitors. In industries that are easy to enter, sources of competitive advantage tend to wane quickly. On the other hand, in industries that are difficult to enter, sources of competitive advantage last longer, and firms also tend to benefit from having a constant set of competitors. The ease of entry into an industry depends upon two factors: the reaction of existing competitors to new entrants; and the barriers to market entry that prevail in the industry. Existing competitors are most likely to react strongly against new entrants when there is a history of such behavior, when the competitors have invested substantial resources in the industry, and when the industry is characterized by slow growth. Some of the major barriers to market entry include economies of scale, high capital requirements, switching costs for the customer, limited access to the channels of distribution, a high degree of product differentiation, and restrictive government policies. POWER OF SUPPLIERS Suppliers can gain bargaining power within an industry through a number of different situations. For example, suppliers gain power when an industry relies on just a few suppliers, when there are no substitutes available for the suppliers product, when there are switching costs associated with changing suppliers, when each purchaser accounts for just a small portion of the suppliers business, and when suppliers have the resources to move forward in the chain of distribution and take on the role of their customers. Supplier power can affect the relationship between a small business and its customers by influencing the quality and price of the final product. All of these factors combined will affect your ability to compete, Cook noted. They will impact your ability to use your supplier relationship to establish competitive advantages with your customers. http://www.enotes.com/small-business-encyclopedia/industry-analysis POWER OF BUYERS The reverse situation occurs when bargaining power rests in the hands of buyers. Powerful buyers can exert pressure on small businesses by demanding lower prices, higher quality, or additional services, or by playing competitors off one another. The power of buyers tends to increase when single customers account for large volumes of the businesss product, when a substitutes are available for the product, when the costs associated with switching suppliers are low, and when buyers possess the resources to move backward in the chain of distribution. AVAILABILITY OF SUBSTITUTES All firms in an industry are competing, in a broad sense, with industries producing substitute products. Substitutes limit the potential returns of an industry by placing a ceiling on the prices firms in the industry can profitably charge, Porter explained. Product substitution occurs when a small businesss customer comes to believe that a similar product can perform the same function at a better price. Substitution can be subtle-for example, insurance agents have gradually moved into the investment field formerly controlled by financial planners-or sudden-for example, compact disc technology has taken the place of vinyl record albums. The main defense available against substitution is product differentiation. By forming a deep understanding of the customer, some companies are able to create demand specifically for their products. http://www.enotes.com/small-business-encyclopedia/industry-analysis COMPETITORS The battle you wage against competitors is one of the strongest industry forces with which you contend, according to Cook. Competitive battles can take the form of price wars, advertising campaigns, new product introductions, or expanded service offerings-all of which can reduce the profitability of firms within an industry. The intensity of competition tends to increase when an industry is characterized by a number of well-balanced competitors, a slow rate of industry growth, high fixed costs, or a lack of differentiation between products. Another factor increasing the intensity of competition is high exit barriers-including specialized assets, emotional ties, government or social restrictions, strategic inter-relationships with other business units, labor agreements, or other fixed costs-which make competitors stay and fight even when they find the industry unprofitable. http://www.enotes.com/small-business-encyclopedia/industry-analysis http://kelas.files.wordpress.com/2009/10/porters-five-forces-model.jpg Production Plan Production planning is the function of establishing an overall level of output, called the production plan. The process also includes any other activities needed to satisfy current planned levels of sales, while meeting the firms general objectives regarding profit, productivity, lead times, and customer satisfaction, as expressed in the overall business plan. The managerial objective of production planning is to develop an integrated game plan where the operations portion is the production plan. This production plan, then, should link the firms strategic goals to operations (the production function) as well as coordinating operations with sales objectives, resource availability, and financial budgets. The production-planning process requires the comparison of sales requirements and production capabilities and the inclusion of budgets, pro forma financial statements, and supporting plans for materials and workforce requirements, as well as the production plan itself. A primary purpose of the production plan is to establish production rates that will achieve managements objective of satisfying customer demand. Demand satisfaction could be accomplished through the maintaining, raising, or lowering of inventories or backlogs, while keeping the workforce relatively stable. If the firm has implemented a just-in-time philosophy, the firm would utilize a chase strategy, which would mean satisfying customer demand while keeping inventories at a minimum level. The term production planning is really too limiting since the intent is not to purely produce a plan for the operations function. Because the plan affects many firm functions, it is normally prepared with information from marketing and coordinated with the functions of manufacturing, engineering, finance, materials, and so on. Another term, sales and operations planning, has recently come into use, more accurately representing the concern with coordinating several critical activities within the firm. The production plan also provides direct communication and consistent dialogue between the operations function and upper management, as well as between operations and the firms other functions. As such, the production plan must necessarily be stated in terms that are meaningful to all within the firm, not just the operations executive. Some firms state the production plan as the dollar value of total input (monthly, quarterly, etc.). Other firms may break the total output down by individual factories or major product lines. Still other firms state the plan in terms of total units for each product line. The key here is that the plan be stated in some homogeneous unit, commonly understood by all, that is also consistent with that used in other plans. PRODUCTION SCHEDULING The production schedule is derived from the production plan; it is a plan that authorized the operations function to produce a certain quantity of an item within a specified time frame. In a large firm, the production schedule is drawn in the production planning department, whereas, within a small firm, a production schedule could originate with a lone production scheduler or even a line supervisor. Production scheduling has three primary goals or objectives. The first involves due dates and avoiding late completion of jobs. The second goal involves throughput times; the firm wants to minimize the time a job spends in the system, from the opening of a shop order until it is closed or completed. The third goal concerns the utilization of work centers. Firms usually want to fully utilize costly equipment and personnel. Often, there is conflict among the three objectives. Excess capacity makes for better due-date performance and reduces throughput time but wreaks havoc on utilization. Releasing extra jobs to the shop can increase the utilization rate and perhaps improve due-date performance but tends to increase throughput time. Quite a few sequencing rules (for determining the sequence in which production orders are to be run in the production schedule) have appeared in research and in practice. Some well-known ones adapted from Vollmann, Berry, Whybark and Jacobs (2005) are presented in Operations Scheduling. THE PRODUCTION PLANNING AND PRODUCTION SCHEDULING INTERFACE There are fundamental differences in production planning and production scheduling. Planning models often utilize aggregate data, cover multiple stages in a medium-range time frame, in an effort to minimize total costs. Scheduling models use detailed information, usually for a single stage or facility over a short term horizon, in an effort to complete jobs in a timely manner. Despite these differences, planning and scheduling often have to be incorporated into a single framework, share information, and interact extensively with one another. They also may interact with other models such as forecasting models or facility location models. It should be noted that a major shift in direction has occurred in recent research on scheduling methods. Much of what was discussed was developed for job shops. As a result of innovations such as computer-integrated manufacturing (CIM) and just-in-time (JIT), new processes being established in todays firms are designed to capture the benefits of repetitive manufacturing and continuous flow manufacturing. Therefore, much of the new scheduling research concerns new concepts and techniques for repetitive manufacturing-type operations. In addition, many of todays firms cannot plan and schedule only within the walls of their own factory as most are an entity with an overall supply chain. Supply chain management requires the coordination and integration of operations in all stages of the chain. If successive stages in a supply belong to the same firm, then these successive stages can be incorporated into a single planning and scheduling model. If not, constant interaction and information sharing are required to optimize the overall supply chain. productdevelpment Operational Plan An  operational planning  is a subset of strategic work plan. It describes short-term ways of achieving milestones and explains how, or what portion of, a strategic plan will be put into operation during a given operational period, in the case of commercial application, a fiscal year or another given budgetary term. An operational plan is the basis for, and justification of an annual operating budget request. Therefore, a five-year strategic plan would need five operational plans funded by five operating budgets. Operational plans should establish the activities and budgets for each part of the organization for the next 1 3 years. They link the strategic plan with the activities the organization will deliver and the resources required to deliver them. An operational plan draws directly from agency and program strategic plans to describe agency and program missions and goals, program objectives, and program activities. Like a strategic plan, an operational plan addresses four questions: Where are we now? Where do we want to be? How do we get there? How do we measure our progress? The OP is both the first and the last step in preparing an operating budget request. As the first step, the OP provides a plan for resource allocation; as the last step, the OP may be modified to reflect policy decisions or financial changes made during the budget development process. Operational plans should be prepared by the people who will be involved in implementation. There is often a need for significant cross-departmental dialogue as plans created by one part of the organisation inevitably have implications for other parts. Operational plans should contain: clear objectives activities to be delivered quality standards desired outcomes staffing and resource requirements implementation timetables a process for monitoring progress. Helping Students   Budgeting can be difficult for students, which is why Ryman offers a discount on line of 12.5% for extra NUS customers. All you need to do is enter your card number in the shopping basket page or show your card in store.   If you are student but not a member of NUS Extra, you can receive a 10% discount in store if you show your student ID.   Helping those Looking for Gift Ideas   The great thing about stationery is that it is always useful, so it is an ideal gift for the practically-minded. You can now buy special pre-paid  gift cards  at various prices. Helping sport the Ryman League   Ryman are proud sponsors of the Isthmian Football League, called the Ryman League. The clubs are highly supportive of the companys charity fundraising and played with red footballs in support of the Red Nose Day and Sport Relief, as well as organising bucket collections.   Helping those in Need   The business has a great track record in supporting  good causes  and raised half a million pounds for Red Nose Day in 2009 and over  £225,000 for  Sport Relief  this year.   Employee fundraising is encouraged at all levels.   Ryman people   The companys dynamic Chief Executive Officer, Kypros Kyprianou, says that business should be fun, as well as being about making money. Perhaps this is why the company holds conferences for employees twice a year and encourages high performance through bonus schemes.   The high level of employee satisfaction might explain the low turnover of employees within the business, something that is very unusual within the competitive retail industry.   It is the belief of Chairman  Theo Paphitis, who is the Skillsmart Retail Apprentices Champion, that happy employees provide the best possible customer service.   All store employees have to be thoroughly trained before they can serve a customer, not least because they need to be aware of legislation relating to the sale of various goods. Training is then run on an on-going basis, resulting in employees joining the companys own Five Star Training program.   In addition, the company has just set up a Retail Academy that is currently training groups of store employees who are gaining a new qualification while working and so far the feedback has been very positive all round.   Ryman is a supporter of the  retail trust  charity which offers a confidential counselling service to retail employees.   Product Range and Sourcing   Product quality is important to Ryman and the company makes sure that all suppliers comply with the code of ethical trading (The Ethical Trading Initiative Base Code) and continues to monitor these standards on a regular basis. Like all forward-thinking companies, Ryman aims to minimize its carbon emissions and has put plans in place to achieve this important aim. Marketing plan A  marketing plan  is a business document written for the purpose of describing the current market position of a business and its  marketing strategy  for the period covered by the marketing plan. Marketing plans usually have a life of from one to five years. Purpose of a Marketing Plan The purpose of creating a marketing plan is to clearly show what steps will be undertaken to achieve the business marketing objectives. While some small business owners include their marketing plan as part of their overall business plan, if a business owner follows the recommended SBA format, parts of the marketing plan will be included in the various areas of the business plan. As an alternative, the marketing plan may be attached in its entirety as an appendix to a business plan. Whats in a Marketing Plan? A typical small business marketing plan might include a description of its competitors, the demand for the product or service, and the strengths and weaknesses from a market standpoint of both the business and its competitors. Other elements usually contained in a marketing plan include: Description of the product or service, including special features Marketing budget, including the advertising and promotional plan Description of the business location, including advantages and disadvantages for marketing Pricing strategy Market segmentation (specializing in specific niche markets or, if mass marketing, how marketing strategy might differ between different segments, such as age groups). Behind the corporate objectives, which in themselves offer the main context for the marketing plan, will lie the corporate mission, which in turn provides the context for these corporate objectives. In a sales-oriented organization, the marketing planning function designs incentive pay plans to not only motivate and reward frontline staff fairly but also to align marketing activities with corporate mission. This corporate mission can be thought of as a definition of what the organization is, of what it does: Our business is. This definition should not be too narrow, or it will constrict the development of the organization; a too rigorous concentration on the view that We are in the business of making meat-scales, as IBM was during the early 1900s, might have limited its subsequent development into other areas. On the other hand, it should not be too wide or it will become meaningless; We want to make a profit is not too helpful in developing specific plans. Abell suggested that the definition should cover three dimensions: customer groups to be served, customer needs to be served, and technologies to be utilized. Thus, the definition of IBMs corporate mission in the 1940s might well have been: We are in the business of handling accounting information [customer need] for the larger US organizations [customer group] by means of punched cards  [technology]. Perhaps the most important factor in successful marketing is the corporate vision. Surprisingly, it is largely neglected by marketing textbooks, although not by the popular exponents of corporate strategy indeed, it was perhaps the main theme of the book by Peters and Waterman, in the form of their Super ordinate Goals. In Search of Excellence said: Nothing drives progress like the imagination. The idea precedes the deed.  If the organization in general, and its chief executive in particular, has a strong vision of where its future lies, then there is a good chance that the organization will achieve a strong position in its markets (and attain that future). This will be not least because its strategies will be consistent and will be supported by its staff at all levels. In this context, all of IBMs marketing activities were underpinned by its philosophy of customer service, a vision originally promoted by the charismatic Watson dynasty. The emphasis at this stage is on obtaining a complete and accurate picture. A traditional albeit product-based format for a brand reference book (or, indeed, a marketing facts book) was suggested by Godley more than three decades ago: Financial data-Facts for this section will come from  management accounting, costing and finance sections. Product data-From production, research and development. Sales and distribution data Sales, packaging, distribution sections. Advertising,  sales promotion, merchandising data Information from these departments. Market data and miscellany From  market research, who would in most cases act as a source for this information. His sources of data, however, assume the resources of a very large organization. In most organizations they would be obtained from a much smaller set of people (and not a few of them would be generated by the marketing manager alone). It is apparent that a marketing audit can be a complex process, but the aim is simple:  it is only to identify those existing (external and internal) factors which will have a significant impact on the future plans of the company.  It is clear that the  basic  material to be input to the marketing audit should be comprehensive. Accordingly, the best approach is to accumulate this material continuously, as and when it becomes available; since this avoids the otherwise heavy workload involved in collecting it as part of the regular, typically annual, planning process itself when time is usually at a premium. Even so, the first task of this  annual  process should be to check that the material held in the current  facts book  or  facts files  actually  is  comprehensive and accurate, and can form a sound basis for the marketing audit itself. The structure of the facts book will be designed to match the specific needs of the organization, but one simple format suggested by Malcolm McDonald may be applicable in many cases. This splits the material into three groups: Review of the marketing environment. A study of the organizations markets, customers, competitors and the overall economic, political, cultural and technical environment; covering developing trends, as well as the current situation. Review of the detailed marketing activity.  A study of the companys  marketing mix; in terms of the 7 Ps (see below) Review of the marketing system.  A study of the marketing organization,  marketing research  systems and the current marketing objectives and strategies. The last of these is too frequently ignored. The marketing system itself needs to be regularly questioned, because the validity of the whole marketing plan is reliant upon the accuracy of the input from this system, and `garbage in, garbage out applies with a vengeance. Portfolio planning.  In addition, the coordinated planning of the individual products and services can contribute towards the balanced portfolio. 80:20 rule.  To achieve the maximum impact, the marketing plan must be clear, concise and simple. It needs to concentrate on the 20 percent of products or services, and on the 20 percent of customers, which will account for 80 percent of the volume and 80 percent of the profit. 7 Ps: Product, Place, Price and Promotion, Physical Environment, People, Process. The 7 Ps can sometimes divert attention from the customer, but the framework they offer can be very useful in building the action plans. Financial plan A financial plan consists of sets of  financial statement  that forecast the resource implications of making business decisions. For example, a company that is deciding to expand e.g. by buying and fitting out a new factory will create a financial plan which considers the resources required and the financial performance that will justify their use. You can see from this statement that the financial plan will need to take into account sources of finance, costs of finance, costs of developing the project, as well as the revenues and likely profits to justify the expansion program.   Planning models may consist of thousands of calculations. Typically these plans will be constructed with the aid of forecasting models and spreadsheets that can calculate and recalculate figures such as profit, cash flows and balance sheets simply by changing the assumptions. For example, the business may want to do one set of calculations for low, medium, and high demand figures for its products. Financial plans Financial plans are typically made out for a given time period, e.g. one, three or five years. The length of the time considered depends on the importance of projecting into the future and the reliability of estimates the further we consider the future. Long-term plans are created for major strategic decisions made by a business such as: take over and merger activity expansion of capacity development of new products overseas expansion. In addition financial planning will be carried out for shorter time spans. For example, annual budgets will be created which can be analysed by month and by cost centre. Short term financial plans then provide targets for junior and middle management, and a measure against which actual performance can be monitored and controlled. In addition it is normal practice for a business to prepare a three- or five-year plan in less detail, which is updated annually. A  budget  is a short term financial plan. It is sometimes referred to as a plan expressed in money but it is more accurately described as a plan involving numbers. A cost centre is defined by CIMA as a production or service location, function, activity or item of equipment whose costs may be attributed to cost units. This Financial Plan template will help you to identify the: Types of labour costs to be incurred during the project Items of equipment needed to deliver the project Various materials needed by the project Unit costs for labor, equipment and materials Other costs types such as administration Amount of contingency needed You can then use the Financial Plan template to create a budget by: Calculating the total cost involved in completing the project Identifying the total cost of each project activity Creating a schedule of expenses Creating a project budget is an extremely important part in any project, as it gives you a  goal post  to aim for. This Financial Plan will help you meet that goal post, by giving you a clear process and template for creating a budget for your project. http://www.myrightplan.com/wp-content/uploads/2010/03/Financial-planning-process.jpg